stuff

.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.vs

Character.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 #include "Character.h"
 #include "Animator.h"
+#include "Ragdoll.h"
 #include "tFunctions.h"
 #include <cctype>
+#include <cfloat>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <glm/gtc/quaternion.hpp>
 
@@ -89,46 +91,6 @@ void Character::TurnToDirection(float dt) {
     body->t.RotateToQuaternion(glm::normalize(glm::slerp(current, target, blend)));
 }
 
-void Character::SetPunchAnimation(Animation* animation) {
-    if (!body || !animation)
-        return;
-
-    if (!punchAnimator) {
-        punchAnimator = body->AddAnimator(10);
-        punchAnimator->blendDuration = 0.08f;
-    }
-
-    punchAnimation = animation;
-    punchAnimator->SetAnimation(animation);
-    punchAnimator->loops = false;
-    punchAnimator->playbackSpeed = punchAnimationSpeed;
-    punchAnimator->onAnimationEnd = [this]() { OnPunchAnimationEnd(); };
-    punchAnimator->StopAnimation();
-    punchHitbox.active = false;
-    punchHitbox.hitTargets.clear();
-}
-
-void Character::SetPunchLooping(bool looping) {
-    if (punchAnimator)
-        punchAnimator->loops = looping;
-}
-
-void Character::Punch(const glm::vec3& lookDirection) {
-    if (!punchAnimation || !punchAnimator || punchAnimator->isPlaying)
-        return;
-
-    const glm::vec3 flatLook(lookDirection.x, 0.0f, lookDirection.z);
-    punchLookLocked = glm::length(flatLook) > 0.0001f;
-    if (punchLookLocked) {
-        punchLookDirection = glm::normalize(flatLook);
-        SetTurnDirection(punchLookDirection);
-    }
-
-    punchHitbox.hitTargets.clear();
-    punchAnimator->playbackSpeed = punchAnimationSpeed;
-    punchAnimator->PlayAnimation();
-}
-
 void Character::SetWalking(bool walking) {
     if (body && body->animator)
         body->animator->playbackSpeed = walking ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
@@ -146,24 +108,38 @@ glm::vec3 Character::GetForwardDirection() const {
     return forward / length;
 }
 
-void Character::OnPunchAnimationEnd() {
+void Character::EnableRagdoll(Physics& physics) {
+    if (!ragdoll)
+        ragdoll = new Ragdoll(*body, GetRigMatrix(), physics);
+}
+
+glm::mat4 Character::GetRigMatrix() const {
+    // body->t's scale is the hitbox only; the rig is drawn at visualScale so it fills that hitbox
+    return body->t.GetTranslationMatrix() * body->t.GetRotationMatrix()
+        * glm::scale(glm::mat4(1.0f), glm::vec3(visualScale));
+}
+
+bool Character::GetWorldBounds(BoundingBox& bounds) const {
     if (!body)
-        return;
+        return false;
 
-    punchHitbox.hitTargets.clear();
+    if (ragdoll && !ragdoll->GetParts().empty()) {
+        bounds.min = glm::vec3(FLT_MAX);
+        bounds.max = glm::vec3(-FLT_MAX);
+        for (const Ragdoll::Part* part : ragdoll->GetParts()) {
+            const BoundingBox partBounds = part->transform.t.GetAABB();
+            bounds.min = glm::min(bounds.min, partBounds.min);
+            bounds.max = glm::max(bounds.max, partBounds.max);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
 
-    glm::vec3 forward = -body->t.GetFrontVector();
+    // The rig is about 2 units across natively in every direction it reaches, arms out included.
-    forward.y = 0.0f;
+    // A cube that size around the body covers any pose and any turn.
-    if (glm::length(forward) <= 0.0001f)
+    const glm::vec3 reach(visualScale);
-        return;
+    bounds.min = body->t.GetTranslation() - reach;
-    forward = glm::normalize(forward);
+    bounds.max = body->t.GetTranslation() + reach;
-
+    return true;
-    punchHitbox.transform.TranslateTo(body->t.GetTranslation() + forward * punchReach);
-    punchHitbox.transform.RotateToQuaternion(LookAt(forward));
-    punchHitbox.transform.ScaleTo(punchHitboxSize);
-    punchHitbox.damage = (int)punchDamage;
-    punchHitbox.knockback = 3.5f;
-    punchHitbox.active = true;
 }
 
 Character::Character() {
@@ -174,24 +150,15 @@ Character::Character() {
 
 void Character::Render(Shader& shader) {
     if (!body || !body->rig || !body->animator) return;
-    if (body->animator->m_CurrentAnimation == nullptr) {
+    const std::vector<glm::mat4> transforms = ragdoll ? ragdoll->GetBoneMatrices()
-        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
+        : body->animator->m_CurrentAnimation ? body->GetBlendedBoneMatrices()
-            shader.SetMat4(("finalBonesMatrices[" + std::to_string(i) + "]").c_str(), glm::mat4(1.0f));
+        : std::vector<glm::mat4>(100, glm::mat4(1.0f));
-    }
+    shader.SetMat4Array("finalBonesMatrices", transforms.data(), glm::min((int)transforms.size(), 100));
-    else {
-        std::vector<glm::mat4> transforms = body->GetBlendedBoneMatrices();
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < transforms.size(); i++)
-            shader.SetMat4(("finalBonesMatrices[" + std::to_string(i) + "]").c_str(), transforms[i]);
-    }
     shader.Set4F("colorOverride", colorOverride);
-    shader.SetInt("useTexture", 0);
+    surface.Apply(shader, 1, glm::vec3(visualScale));
-    shader.SetInt("tex", 1);
     shader.Set1F("metallic", metallic);
     shader.Set1F("roughness", roughness);
     shader.Set1F("ao", ao);
-    // body->t's scale is the hitbox only; the rig is drawn at visualScale so it fills that hitbox
+    body->rig->Render(shader, ragdoll ? glm::mat4(1.0f) : GetRigMatrix());  // ragdoll bones are already in world space
-    body->rig->Render(shader, body->t.GetTranslationMatrix() * body->t.GetRotationMatrix()
-        * glm::scale(glm::mat4(1.0f), glm::vec3(visualScale)));
     shader.Set4F("colorOverride", glm::vec4(0.0f));  // don't leak into other rig draws
 }

Character.h

@@ -14,22 +14,8 @@ class Character;
 class CharacterManager;
 class CharacterBody;
 class BodyComponent;
-
+class Ragdoll;
-struct Hitbox {
+class Physics;
-    t transform;
-    int damage = 0;
-    float knockback = 0.0f;
-    bool active = false;
-    std::set<Character*> hitTargets;
-
-    bool CanHit(Character* target) const {
-        return target && hitTargets.find(target) == hitTargets.end();
-    }
-
-    void RegisterHit(Character* target) {
-        if (target) hitTargets.insert(target);
-    }
-};
 
 class Action {
 public:
@@ -52,7 +38,6 @@ public:
 
 class CharacterBody : public t_package {
 public:
-    int  Health = 100;
     Rig* rig = nullptr;
 
     std::vector<Animator*> animators;
@@ -135,16 +120,14 @@ class Character : public Object, public Renderable {
 public:
     CharacterMind* mind = nullptr;
     CharacterBody* body = nullptr;
+    Ragdoll* ragdoll = nullptr;   // when set, physics drives the rig instead of the animators
+    SurfaceTexture surface;
     glm::vec4 colorOverride = glm::vec4(0.0f);  // rgb + strength (0 = keep the rig's own texture)
     float    visualScale = 1.4f;  // rig is ~1.8 tall natively; hitbox is 2.5
     float    metallic = 0.0f;
     float    roughness = 0.7f;
     float    ao = 1.0f;
     float    turnSpeed = 12.0f;
-    float    punchDamage = 12.0f;
-    float    punchReach = 1.15f;
-    float    punchAnimationSpeed = 0.6f;
-    glm::vec3 punchHitboxSize = glm::vec3(1.1f, 1.5f, 1.4f);
 
     void PressInput(char letter);
     void ReleaseInput(char letter);
@@ -152,37 +135,26 @@ public:
     glm::vec3 GetMovementDirection(const glm::vec3& forward, const glm::vec3& right) const;
     void SetTurnDirection(const glm::vec3& direction);
     const glm::vec3& GetTurnDirection() const { return turnDirection; }
-    void SetPunchAnimation(Animation* animation);
-    void SetPunchLooping(bool looping);
-    void Punch(const glm::vec3& lookDirection = glm::vec3(0.0f));
     void SetWalking(bool walking);
     glm::vec3 GetForwardDirection() const;
-    const Hitbox& GetPunchHitbox() const { return punchHitbox; }
+    void EnableRagdoll(Physics& physics);
 
     Character();
     void Render(Shader& shader) override;
+    bool GetWorldBounds(BoundingBox& bounds) const override;
 
     void Step(float dt) {
-        if (punchLookLocked && punchAnimator && punchAnimator->isPlaying)
+        if (ragdoll) return;
-            turnDirection = punchLookDirection;
         TurnToDirection(dt);
-        punchHitbox.active = false;
         body->Step(dt);
     }
 
 private:
-    friend class CharacterManager;
-
     void TurnToDirection(float dt);
-    void OnPunchAnimationEnd();
+    glm::mat4 GetRigMatrix() const;
 
     std::set<char> inputLetters;
     glm::vec3 turnDirection = glm::vec3(0.0f);
-    Animation* punchAnimation = nullptr;
-    Animator* punchAnimator = nullptr;
-    Hitbox punchHitbox;
-    glm::vec3 punchLookDirection = glm::vec3(0.0f);
-    bool punchLookLocked = false;
 };
 
 #endif

CharacterManager.cpp

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 #include "CharacterManager.h"
 #include "Animator.h"
 #include "Character.h"
-#include "Physics.h"
 #include "Rig.h"
-#include "tFunctions.h"
 
 CharacterManager::CharacterManager() = default;
 CharacterManager::~CharacterManager() = default;
@@ -89,33 +87,3 @@ void CharacterManager::Step(float dt) {
     for (Character* character : characterOrder)
         character->Step(dt);
 }
-
-void CharacterManager::ResolveCombat(Physics& physics) {
-    for (Character* attacker : characterOrder) {
-        Hitbox& hitbox = attacker->punchHitbox;
-        if (!hitbox.active || hitbox.damage <= 0)
-            continue;
-
-        for (Character* target : characterOrder) {
-            if (target == attacker || !hitbox.CanHit(target))
-                continue;
-
-            if (!BoundingBoxInBoundingBox(hitbox.transform.GetAABB(), target->body->t.GetAABB()))
-                continue;
-
-            hitbox.RegisterHit(target);
-            target->body->Health = std::max(0, target->body->Health - hitbox.damage);
-
-            glm::vec3 knockback = target->body->t.GetTranslation() -
-                attacker->body->t.GetTranslation();
-            knockback.y = 0.0f;
-            if (glm::length(knockback) > 0.0001f)
-                knockback = glm::normalize(knockback) * hitbox.knockback;
-            knockback.y = 1.5f;
-            if (p* targetBody = physics.PPointerOfObject(target->body)) {
-                targetBody->linearvelocity += knockback;
-                targetBody->WakeUp();
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}

CharacterManager.h

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 class Character;
-class Physics;
 class Rig;
 class Animation;
 
@@ -33,7 +32,6 @@ public:
     void ClearInput();
 
     void Step(float dt);
-    void ResolveCombat(Physics& physics);
 
     const std::vector<Character*>& GetCharacters() const { return characterOrder; }
 

CollisionMesh.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+#include "CollisionMesh.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cfloat>
+
+static constexpr int LEAF_TRIANGLES = 4;
+
+static glm::vec3 TriangleCentroid(const Triangle& tri)
+{
+    return (tri.a + tri.b + tri.c) / 3.0f;
+}
+
+// Bounds overlap plus the triangle's plane, which is what prunes huge floor triangles
+static bool TriangleOverlapsBox(const Triangle& tri, const glm::vec3& boxMin, const glm::vec3& boxMax)
+{
+    const glm::vec3 triMin = glm::min(tri.a, glm::min(tri.b, tri.c));
+    const glm::vec3 triMax = glm::max(tri.a, glm::max(tri.b, tri.c));
+    if (glm::any(glm::lessThan(triMax, boxMin)) || glm::any(glm::greaterThan(triMin, boxMax)))
+        return false;
+
+    const glm::vec3 normal = glm::cross(tri.b - tri.a, tri.c - tri.a);
+    const glm::vec3 center = (boxMin + boxMax) * 0.5f;
+    const glm::vec3 halfSize = (boxMax - boxMin) * 0.5f;
+    const float distance = glm::dot(normal, center - tri.a);
+    const float radius = glm::dot(glm::abs(normal), halfSize);
+    return glm::abs(distance) <= radius;
+}
+
+CollisionMesh::CollisionMesh(const std::vector<Triangle>& meshTriangles)
+    : triangles(meshTriangles)
+{
+    if (!triangles.empty())
+        Build(0, (int)triangles.size());
+}
+
+int CollisionMesh::Build(int start, int count)
+{
+    const int index = (int)nodes.size();
+    nodes.push_back(Node());
+
+    glm::vec3 boundsMin(FLT_MAX);
+    glm::vec3 boundsMax(-FLT_MAX);
+    glm::vec3 centroidMin(FLT_MAX);
+    glm::vec3 centroidMax(-FLT_MAX);
+    for (int i = start; i < start + count; i++) {
+        const Triangle& tri = triangles[i];
+        boundsMin = glm::min(boundsMin, glm::min(tri.a, glm::min(tri.b, tri.c)));
+        boundsMax = glm::max(boundsMax, glm::max(tri.a, glm::max(tri.b, tri.c)));
+        const glm::vec3 centroid = TriangleCentroid(tri);
+        centroidMin = glm::min(centroidMin, centroid);
+        centroidMax = glm::max(centroidMax, centroid);
+    }
+    nodes[index].boundsMin = boundsMin;
+    nodes[index].boundsMax = boundsMax;
+
+    if (count <= LEAF_TRIANGLES) {
+        nodes[index].start = start;
+        nodes[index].count = count;
+        return index;
+    }
+
+    // Split at the median along the widest axis
+    const glm::vec3 extent = centroidMax - centroidMin;
+    const int axis = extent.x > extent.y ? (extent.x > extent.z ? 0 : 2) : (extent.y > extent.z ? 1 : 2);
+    const int half = count / 2;
+    std::nth_element(triangles.begin() + start, triangles.begin() + start + half, triangles.begin() + start + count,
+        [axis](const Triangle& a, const Triangle& b) {
+            return TriangleCentroid(a)[axis] < TriangleCentroid(b)[axis];
+        });
+
+    // Build grows nodes, so index stays valid but references into it wouldn't
+    const int left = Build(start, half);
+    const int right = Build(start + half, count - half);
+    nodes[index].left = left;
+    nodes[index].right = right;
+    return index;
+}
+
+void CollisionMesh::Query(const Triangle& tri, std::vector<int>& hits) const
+{
+    if (nodes.empty())
+        return;
+
+    int stack[64];
+    int stackSize = 0;
+    stack[stackSize++] = 0;
+
+    while (stackSize > 0) {
+        const Node& node = nodes[stack[--stackSize]];
+        if (!TriangleOverlapsBox(tri, node.boundsMin, node.boundsMax))
+            continue;
+
+        if (node.left == -1) {
+            for (int i = node.start; i < node.start + node.count; i++)
+                hits.push_back(i);
+        }
+        else {
+            stack[stackSize++] = node.left;
+            stack[stackSize++] = node.right;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+const CollisionMesh& CollisionMesh::UnitBox()
+{
+    static const CollisionMesh box = []() {
+        const glm::vec3 axes[3] = { {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f} };
+
+        std::vector<Triangle> faces;
+        for (int axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++) {
+            for (float side : { 1.0f, -1.0f }) {
+                const glm::vec3 normal = axes[axis] * side;
+                const glm::vec3 u = axes[(axis + 1) % 3];
+                const glm::vec3 v = glm::cross(normal, u);  // u x v = normal, so the winding faces outward
+
+                const glm::vec3 center = normal * 0.5f;
+                const glm::vec3 p0 = center - u * 0.5f - v * 0.5f;
+                const glm::vec3 p1 = center + u * 0.5f - v * 0.5f;
+                const glm::vec3 p2 = center + u * 0.5f + v * 0.5f;
+                const glm::vec3 p3 = center - u * 0.5f + v * 0.5f;
+                faces.push_back({ p0, p1, p2 });
+                faces.push_back({ p0, p2, p3 });
+            }
+        }
+        return CollisionMesh(faces);
+    }();
+    return box;
+}

CollisionMesh.h

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#ifndef COLLISION_MESH_CLASS
+#define COLLISION_MESH_CLASS
+
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <glm/glm.hpp>
+
+#include "Structures.h"
+
+// Triangle soup for triangle by triangle collision, wrapped in a BVH.
+// Triangles live in the body's unit space, so t.GetMatrix() takes them to world space
+// the same way it does for a Mesh. Winding must be counter clockwise seen from outside.
+class CollisionMesh {
+public:
+    CollisionMesh(const std::vector<Triangle>& meshTriangles);
+
+    // The 12 triangles of a unit cube, used for any body without its own mesh
+    static const CollisionMesh& UnitBox();
+
+    const std::vector<Triangle>& GetTriangles() const { return triangles; }
+
+    // Appends the index of every triangle whose BVH leaf could touch tri (same space as the mesh)
+    void Query(const Triangle& tri, std::vector<int>& hits) const;
+
+private:
+    struct Node {
+        glm::vec3 boundsMin;
+        glm::vec3 boundsMax;
+        int left = -1;   // -1 = leaf
+        int right = -1;
+        int start = 0;
+        int count = 0;
+    };
+
+    int Build(int start, int count);
+
+    std::vector<Triangle> triangles;
+    std::vector<Node> nodes;
+};
+
+#endif

Engine.cpp

@@ -68,12 +68,14 @@
 #include "Sound.h"
 #include "Gui.h"
 #include "font.h"
+#include "TexturePainter.h"
 
 // Character / animation
 #include "Rig.h"
 #include "Animator.h"
 #include "Character.h"
 #include "CharacterManager.h"
+#include "Ragdoll.h"
 #include "DefaultBodyComponents.h"
 #include "BodyComponentActions.h"
 
@@ -108,6 +110,12 @@ Engine::Engine()
 
     rendersystem->RigShader = new Shader("shaders/rig.vert", "shaders/default.frag");
     rendersystem->MeshShader = new Shader("shaders/default.vert", "shaders/default.frag");
+    rendersystem->GeometryShader = new Shader("shaders/geometry.vert", "shaders/geometry.frag");
+    rendersystem->GeometryRigShader = new Shader("shaders/geometry_rig.vert", "shaders/geometry.frag");
+    rendersystem->DeferredLightingShader = new Shader("shaders/deferred_lighting.vert", "shaders/deferred_lighting.frag");
+    rendersystem->GBufferDebugShader = new Shader("shaders/gbuffer_debug.vert", "shaders/gbuffer_debug.frag");
+    rendersystem->BloomExtractShader = new Shader("shaders/ScreenShader.vert", "shaders/bloom_extract.frag");
+    rendersystem->BloomBlurShader = new Shader("shaders/ScreenShader.vert", "shaders/bloom_blur.frag");
     rendersystem->MeshShadowShader = new Shader("shaders/meshshadow.vert", "shaders/shadow.frag");
     rendersystem->RigShadowShader = new Shader("shaders/rigshadow.vert", "shaders/shadow.frag");
     rendersystem->SkyboxShader = new Shader("shaders/skybox.vert", "shaders/skybox.frag");
@@ -124,14 +132,12 @@ Engine::Engine()
 // ============================================================================
 void Engine::Initiate()
 {
-    Font* arial = new Font("assets/ft/arial.ttf");
+    Font* arial = resourcemanager->GetFont("assets/ft/arial.ttf");
-    Texture* blanktex = new Texture("assets/blanktexture.png");
+    Texture* blanktex = resourcemanager->GetTexture("assets/blanktexture.png");
-    Texture* snowflake = new Texture("assets/snowflake.png");
 
     charactermanager = new CharacterManager();
     charactermanager->LoadRig("humanoid", "assets/rig.glb");
     charactermanager->LoadAnimation("walk", "assets/walkanim.glb", "humanoid");
-    charactermanager->LoadAnimation("punch", "assets/punchanim.glb", "humanoid");
 
     // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Player character
@@ -144,7 +150,6 @@ void Engine::Initiate()
     testcharacter.body->t.ScaleBy({ 0.7f, 2.5f, 0.7f });
     testcharacter.body->t.TranslateTo({ 0.0f, 1.5f, 0.0f });
     testcharacter.body->animator->loops = true;
-    testcharacter.SetPunchAnimation(charactermanager->GetAnimation("punch"));
     testcharacter.BindToRenderSystem();
 
     p* characterBody = new p(testcharacter.body);
@@ -163,39 +168,11 @@ void Engine::Initiate()
     npc.roughness = 0.5f;
     npc.body->t.ScaleBy({ 0.7f, 2.5f, 0.7f });
     npc.body->t.TranslateTo({ 3.0f, 1.25f, 3.0f });
-    npc.SetPunchAnimation(charactermanager->GetAnimation("punch"));
-    npc.SetPunchLooping(true);
-    npc.Punch();
     npc.BindToRenderSystem();
 
-    p* npcBody = new p(npc.body);
-    npcBody->mass = 80.0f;
-    npcBody->lockRotation = true;
-    npcBody->friction = 0.0f;
-    physicsengine->AddObject(npcBody);
-
     testcharacter.SetWalking(false);
     npc.SetWalking(false);
-
+    npc.EnableRagdoll(*physicsengine);
-    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Rain particles
-    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    ParticleEmitter* rain = new ParticleEmitter();
-    rain->name = "rain";
-    rain->tex = snowflake;
-    rain->opaque = false;
-    rain->speed = 35.0f;
-    rain->lifespan = 0.6f;
-    rain->angularvelocity = { 0.0f, 0.0f, glm::radians(10.0f) };
-    rain->size = { 0.04f, 0.4f, 0.0f };
-    rain->emitangle = { glm::radians(60.0f), glm::radians(360.0f), glm::radians(60.0f) };
-    rain->facecamera = false;
-    rain->color = { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f };
-    rain->emitdirection = ParticleEmitter::EmitDirection::Perpendicular;
-    rain->t.TranslateTo({ 0.0f, 10.0f, 0.0f });
-    rain->t.RotateToQuaternion(glm::quat(glm::vec3(glm::radians(85.0f), 0.0f, 0.0f)));
-    rain->BindToRenderSystem();
-    mainf->AddChild(rain);
 
     // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
     // 3D audio
@@ -221,149 +198,272 @@ void Engine::Initiate()
     fpsCounter->t2d.size = { 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
     fpsCounter->BindToRenderSystem();
 
-    TextBox* healthText = new TextBox();
-    healthText->font = arial;
-    healthText->text = "";
-    healthText->fontsize = 0.5f;
-    healthText->Color = { 0.95f, 0.97f, 1.0f };
-    healthText->t2d.position = { 0.02f, 0.02f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
-    healthText->t2d.size = { 0.45f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 40.0f };
-    healthText->textCenter = { 0.0f, 0.0f };
-    healthText->BindToRenderSystem();
-
-    const float healthBarFillWidth = 314.0f;
-
-    Box* healthBarBack = new Box();
-    healthBarBack->Color = { 0.03f, 0.04f, 0.06f };
-    healthBarBack->Opacity = 0.85f;
-    healthBarBack->t2d.position = { 0.02f, 1.0f, 0.0f, -30.0f };
-    healthBarBack->t2d.center = { 0.0f, 1.0f };
-    healthBarBack->t2d.size = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 320.0f, 26.0f };
-    healthBarBack->BindToRenderSystem();
-
-    Box* healthBarFill = new Box();
-    healthBarFill->Color = { 0.2f, 0.85f, 0.35f };
-    healthBarFill->t2d.position = { 0.02f, 1.0f, 3.0f, -33.0f };
-    healthBarFill->t2d.center = { 0.0f, 1.0f };
-    healthBarFill->t2d.size = { 0.0f, 0.0f, healthBarFillWidth, 20.0f };
-    healthBarFill->BindToRenderSystem();
-
     struct MenuButton {
         Box* box;
+        Box* accent;
         TextBox* label;
         glm::vec3 color;
+        glm::vec3 hoverColor;
+        float opacity;
+        float labelX;
+        float labelSlide;   // how far the label moves right on hover
+        bool hovered = false;
+        float hover = 0.0f; // eased 0-1
     };
 
-    enum class MenuScreen { Main, Paused, Settings };
+    enum class MenuScreen { Main, Paused, Settings, Graphics, Drawer };
     MenuScreen menuScreen = MenuScreen::Main;
     MenuScreen settingsReturn = MenuScreen::Main;
     bool menuActive = true;
     bool prevMouseDown = false;
     std::vector<Box*> menuItems;
 
+    // Everything hangs off a left side panel so the live scene stays visible.
+    // Items are positioned in pixels from the left edge and the vertical center of the window.
+    const float menuPanelWidth = 460.0f;
+    const float menuMargin = 48.0f;
+    const float menuContentWidth = 364.0f;
+    const glm::vec3 menuAccent(0.96f, 0.58f, 0.16f);
+    const glm::vec3 menuText(0.95f, 0.97f, 1.0f);
+    const glm::vec3 menuMutedText(0.62f, 0.68f, 0.77f);
+    const glm::vec3 menuButtonColor(0.11f, 0.14f, 0.19f);
+    const glm::vec3 menuButtonHover(0.20f, 0.25f, 0.33f);
+
     Box* menuVeil = new Box();
     menuVeil->Color = { 0.02f, 0.03f, 0.05f };
-    menuVeil->Opacity = 0.55f;
     menuVeil->t2d.position = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
     menuVeil->t2d.size = { 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
     menuVeil->BindToRenderSystem();
     menuItems.push_back(menuVeil);
 
-    TextBox* menuTitle = new TextBox();
+    Box* menuPanel = new Box();
-    menuTitle->font = arial;
+    menuPanel->Color = { 0.03f, 0.04f, 0.06f };
-    menuTitle->text = "EIIFWHRN";
+    menuPanel->t2d.position = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
-    menuTitle->fontsize = 3.0f;
+    menuPanel->t2d.size = { 0.0f, 1.0f, menuPanelWidth, 0.0f };
-    menuTitle->Color = { 0.95f, 0.97f, 1.0f };
+    menuPanel->BindToRenderSystem();
-    menuTitle->t2d.position = { 0.5f, 0.17f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
+    menuItems.push_back(menuPanel);
-    menuTitle->t2d.center = { 0.5f, 0.5f };
-    menuTitle->t2d.size = { 0.8f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 170.0f };
-    menuTitle->textCenter = { 0.5f, 0.5f };
-    menuTitle->BindToRenderSystem();
-    menuItems.push_back(menuTitle);
 
-    TextBox* menuSubtitle = new TextBox();
+    Box* menuPanelEdge = new Box();
-    menuSubtitle->font = arial;
+    menuPanelEdge->Color = menuAccent;
-    menuSubtitle->text = "MAIN MENU";
+    menuPanelEdge->t2d.position = { 0.0f, 0.0f, menuPanelWidth, 0.0f };
-    menuSubtitle->fontsize = 0.65f;
+    menuPanelEdge->t2d.size = { 0.0f, 1.0f, 3.0f, 0.0f };
-    menuSubtitle->Color = { 0.55f, 0.65f, 0.78f };
+    menuPanelEdge->BindToRenderSystem();
-    menuSubtitle->t2d.position = { 0.5f, 0.285f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
+    menuItems.push_back(menuPanelEdge);
-    menuSubtitle->t2d.center = { 0.5f, 0.5f };
-    menuSubtitle->t2d.size = { 0.4f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 50.0f };
-    menuSubtitle->textCenter = { 0.5f, 0.5f };
-    menuSubtitle->BindToRenderSystem();
-    menuItems.push_back(menuSubtitle);
-
-    auto MakeMenuButton = [&](const char* text, float x, float y, glm::vec3 color,
-                              float width = 340.0f, float height = 62.0f,
-                              float fontsize = 0.85f) {
-        Box* box = new Box();
-        box->Color = color;
-        box->Opacity = 0.92f;
-        box->t2d.position = { x, y, 0.0f, 0.0f };
-        box->t2d.center = { 0.5f, 0.5f };
-        box->t2d.size = { 0.0f, 0.0f, width, height };
-        box->BindToRenderSystem();
-        menuItems.push_back(box);
 
+    auto MakeMenuText = [&](const char* text, float x, float y, float width, float height,
+                            float fontsize, glm::vec3 color, float alignX = 0.0f) {
         TextBox* label = new TextBox();
         label->font = arial;
         label->text = text;
         label->fontsize = fontsize;
-        label->Color = { 0.95f, 0.97f, 1.0f };
+        label->Color = color;
-        label->t2d.position = { x, y, 0.0f, 0.0f };
+        label->t2d.position = { 0.0f, 0.5f, x, y };
-        label->t2d.center = { 0.5f, 0.5f };
+        label->t2d.center = { 0.0f, 0.5f };
         label->t2d.size = { 0.0f, 0.0f, width, height };
-        label->textCenter = { 0.5f, 0.5f };
+        label->textCenter = { alignX, 0.5f };
         label->BindToRenderSystem();
         menuItems.push_back(label);
-
+        return label;
-        return MenuButton{ box, label, color };
         };
 
-    MenuButton playButton = MakeMenuButton("PLAY", 0.5f, 0.46f, glm::vec3(0.12f, 0.30f, 0.22f));
+    TextBox* menuTitle = MakeMenuText("EIIFWHRN", menuMargin, -235.0f, 400.0f, 100.0f, 1.6f, menuText);
-    MenuButton settingsButton = MakeMenuButton("SETTINGS", 0.5f, 0.58f, glm::vec3(0.15f, 0.23f, 0.34f));
+    TextBox* menuSubtitle = MakeMenuText("MAIN MENU", menuMargin, -165.0f, menuContentWidth, 36.0f, 0.5f, menuAccent);
-    MenuButton quitButton = MakeMenuButton("QUIT", 0.5f, 0.70f, glm::vec3(0.17f, 0.18f, 0.22f));
 
-    MenuButton sensitivityDown = MakeMenuButton("- SENS", 0.40f, 0.47f,
+    auto MakeMenuButton = [&](const char* text, float x, float y, float width, float height,
-        glm::vec3(0.15f, 0.23f, 0.34f), 170.0f, 50.0f, 0.65f);
+                              float fontsize, glm::vec3 color, glm::vec3 hoverColor,
-    MenuButton sensitivityUp = MakeMenuButton("+ SENS", 0.60f, 0.47f,
+                              float opacity = 0.6f, bool compact = false) {
-        glm::vec3(0.15f, 0.23f, 0.34f), 170.0f, 50.0f, 0.65f);
+        Box* box = new Box();
-    MenuButton fovDown = MakeMenuButton("- FOV", 0.40f, 0.58f,
+        box->Color = color;
-        glm::vec3(0.15f, 0.23f, 0.34f), 170.0f, 50.0f, 0.65f);
+        box->t2d.position = { 0.0f, 0.5f, x, y };
-    MenuButton fovUp = MakeMenuButton("+ FOV", 0.60f, 0.58f,
+        box->t2d.center = { 0.0f, 0.5f };
-        glm::vec3(0.15f, 0.23f, 0.34f), 170.0f, 50.0f, 0.65f);
+        box->t2d.size = { 0.0f, 0.0f, width, height };
-    MenuButton hitboxToggle = MakeMenuButton("HITBOXES: OFF", 0.5f, 0.68f,
+        box->rounding = 0.15f;
-        glm::vec3(0.20f, 0.22f, 0.28f), 340.0f, 50.0f, 0.65f);
+        box->BindToRenderSystem();
-    MenuButton resetButton = MakeMenuButton("RESET DEFAULTS", 0.5f, 0.77f,
+        menuItems.push_back(box);
-        glm::vec3(0.20f, 0.22f, 0.28f), 340.0f, 52.0f, 0.65f);
-    MenuButton backButton = MakeMenuButton("BACK", 0.5f, 0.86f,
-        glm::vec3(0.12f, 0.30f, 0.22f), 340.0f, 52.0f, 0.85f);
 
-    TextBox* settingsInfo = new TextBox();
+        Box* accent = new Box();
-    settingsInfo->font = arial;
+        accent->Color = menuAccent;
-    settingsInfo->fontsize = 0.65f;
+        accent->t2d.position = { 0.0f, 0.5f, x, y };
-    settingsInfo->Color = { 0.85f, 0.90f, 0.97f };
+        accent->t2d.center = { 0.0f, 0.5f };
-    settingsInfo->t2d.position = { 0.5f, 0.37f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
+        accent->t2d.size = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, height };
-    settingsInfo->t2d.center = { 0.5f, 0.5f };
+        accent->BindToRenderSystem();
-    settingsInfo->t2d.size = { 0.8f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 90.0f };
+        menuItems.push_back(accent);
-    settingsInfo->textCenter = { 0.5f, 0.5f };
+
-    settingsInfo->BindToRenderSystem();
+        // Compact buttons hold a single centered symbol, the rest are left aligned and slide on hover
-    menuItems.push_back(settingsInfo);
+        const float padding = compact ? 0.0f : 20.0f;
+        TextBox* label = MakeMenuText(text, x + padding, y, width - padding * 2.0f, height,
+            fontsize, menuText, compact ? 0.5f : 0.0f);
+
+        return MenuButton{ box, accent, label, color, hoverColor, opacity,
+            x + padding, compact ? 0.0f : 8.0f };
+        };
+
+    const float mainButtonHeight = 60.0f;
+    MenuButton playButton = MakeMenuButton("PLAY", menuMargin, -60.0f, menuContentWidth, mainButtonHeight, 0.75f,
+        glm::vec3(0.82f, 0.45f, 0.10f), menuAccent, 0.95f);
+    MenuButton drawerButton = MakeMenuButton("TEXTURE DRAWER", menuMargin, 12.0f, menuContentWidth, mainButtonHeight, 0.75f,
+        menuButtonColor, menuButtonHover);
+    MenuButton settingsButton = MakeMenuButton("SETTINGS", menuMargin, 84.0f, menuContentWidth, mainButtonHeight, 0.75f,
+        menuButtonColor, menuButtonHover);
+    MenuButton quitButton = MakeMenuButton("QUIT", menuMargin, 156.0f, menuContentWidth, mainButtonHeight, 0.75f,
+        menuButtonColor, glm::vec3(0.42f, 0.14f, 0.16f));
+
+    // Settings rows: LABEL  [-]  VALUE  [+]
+    const float stepperDownX = menuMargin + 176.0f;
+    const float stepperValueX = stepperDownX + 44.0f;
+    const float stepperUpX = menuMargin + menuContentWidth - 44.0f;
+    const float stepperValueWidth = stepperUpX - stepperValueX;
+    const float sensRowY = -120.0f;
+    const float fovRowY = -64.0f;
+
+    TextBox* sensLabel = MakeMenuText("SENSITIVITY", menuMargin, sensRowY, 172.0f, 44.0f, 0.5f, menuMutedText);
+    TextBox* sensValue = MakeMenuText("", stepperValueX, sensRowY, stepperValueWidth, 44.0f, 0.5f, menuText, 0.5f);
+    TextBox* fovLabel = MakeMenuText("FIELD OF VIEW", menuMargin, fovRowY, 172.0f, 44.0f, 0.5f, menuMutedText);
+    TextBox* fovValue = MakeMenuText("", stepperValueX, fovRowY, stepperValueWidth, 44.0f, 0.5f, menuText, 0.5f);
+
+    MenuButton sensitivityDown = MakeMenuButton("-", stepperDownX, sensRowY, 44.0f, 44.0f, 0.7f,
+        menuButtonColor, menuButtonHover, 0.6f, true);
+    MenuButton sensitivityUp = MakeMenuButton("+", stepperUpX, sensRowY, 44.0f, 44.0f, 0.7f,
+        menuButtonColor, menuButtonHover, 0.6f, true);
+    MenuButton fovDown = MakeMenuButton("-", stepperDownX, fovRowY, 44.0f, 44.0f, 0.7f,
+        menuButtonColor, menuButtonHover, 0.6f, true);
+    MenuButton fovUp = MakeMenuButton("+", stepperUpX, fovRowY, 44.0f, 44.0f, 0.7f,
+        menuButtonColor, menuButtonHover, 0.6f, true);
+    MenuButton hitboxToggle = MakeMenuButton("HITBOXES: OFF", menuMargin, -18.0f, menuContentWidth, 40.0f, 0.6f,
+        menuButtonColor, menuButtonHover);
+    MenuButton graphicsButton = MakeMenuButton("GRAPHICS", menuMargin, 26.0f, menuContentWidth, 40.0f, 0.6f,
+        menuButtonColor, menuButtonHover);
+    MenuButton resetButton = MakeMenuButton("RESET DEFAULTS", menuMargin, 70.0f, menuContentWidth, 40.0f, 0.6f,
+        menuButtonColor, menuButtonHover);
+
+    MenuButton bloomToggle = MakeMenuButton("", menuMargin, -128.0f, menuContentWidth, 44.0f, 0.6f,
+        menuButtonColor, menuButtonHover);
+    MenuButton shadowToggle = MakeMenuButton("", menuMargin, -78.0f, menuContentWidth, 44.0f, 0.6f,
+        menuButtonColor, menuButtonHover);
+    MenuButton lightShadowToggle = MakeMenuButton("", menuMargin, -28.0f, menuContentWidth, 44.0f, 0.6f,
+        menuButtonColor, menuButtonHover);
+    MenuButton vsyncToggle = MakeMenuButton("", menuMargin, 22.0f, menuContentWidth, 44.0f, 0.6f,
+        menuButtonColor, menuButtonHover);
+    MenuButton cullingToggle = MakeMenuButton("", menuMargin, 72.0f, menuContentWidth, 44.0f, 0.6f,
+        menuButtonColor, menuButtonHover);
+    MenuButton backButton = MakeMenuButton("BACK", menuMargin, 120.0f, menuContentWidth, 50.0f, 0.6f,
+        glm::vec3(0.82f, 0.45f, 0.10f), menuAccent, 0.95f);
+
+    // Texture drawer. Filled in further down, once the things it paints on exist.
+    struct DrawableSurface {
+        const char* name;
+        SurfaceTexture* surface;
+        glm::vec4* colorOverride;
+        bool hasCanvas = false;
+    };
+    std::vector<DrawableSurface> drawableSurfaces;
+    int selectedSurface = 0;
+    int selectedSwatch = 0;
+    TexturePainter painter;
+    bool painting = false;
+
+    // The first edit swaps in a private copy, so painting never touches the shared image file.
+    // A colour override would hide the paint, so that goes too.
+    auto EnsureCanvas = [&](DrawableSurface& drawable) {
+        if (drawable.hasCanvas)
+            return;
+
+        SurfaceTexture& surface = *drawable.surface;
+        surface.texture = surface.texture ? resourcemanager->CopyTexture(*surface.texture)
+            : resourcemanager->CreateTexture(256, 256);
+        drawable.colorOverride->w = 0.0f;
+        drawable.hasCanvas = true;
+        };
+
+    const float surfaceRowY = -120.0f;
+    const float swatchRowY = -64.0f;
+    const float brushRowY = -8.0f;
+
+    MenuButton surfacePrevious = MakeMenuButton("<", menuMargin, surfaceRowY, 44.0f, 44.0f, 0.6f,
+        menuButtonColor, menuButtonHover, 0.6f, true);
+    MenuButton surfaceNext = MakeMenuButton(">", stepperUpX, surfaceRowY, 44.0f, 44.0f, 0.6f,
+        menuButtonColor, menuButtonHover, 0.6f, true);
+    TextBox* surfaceName = MakeMenuText("", menuMargin + 44.0f, surfaceRowY, menuContentWidth - 88.0f, 44.0f, 0.5f, menuText, 0.5f);
+
+    const glm::vec3 swatchColors[] = {
+        { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f }, { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f }, { 0.90f, 0.15f, 0.15f },
+        { 0.96f, 0.58f, 0.16f }, { 0.20f, 0.75f, 0.30f }, { 0.20f, 0.45f, 0.95f }
+    };
+    const float swatchSize = 52.0f;
+    const float swatchSpacing = 60.0f;
+
+    std::vector<MenuButton> swatches;
+    swatches.reserve(std::size(swatchColors));
+    for (int i = 0; i < (int)std::size(swatchColors); i++) {
+        swatches.push_back(MakeMenuButton("", menuMargin + swatchSpacing * i, swatchRowY, swatchSize, 44.0f, 0.5f,
+            swatchColors[i], glm::mix(swatchColors[i], glm::vec3(1.0f), 0.2f), 1.0f, true));
+    }
+
+    Box* swatchMarker = new Box();
+    swatchMarker->Color = menuAccent;
+    swatchMarker->t2d.center = { 0.0f, 0.5f };
+    swatchMarker->t2d.size = { 0.0f, 0.0f, swatchSize, 4.0f };
+    swatchMarker->BindToRenderSystem();
+    menuItems.push_back(swatchMarker);
+
+    TextBox* brushLabel = MakeMenuText("BRUSH SIZE", menuMargin, brushRowY, 172.0f, 44.0f, 0.5f, menuMutedText);
+    TextBox* brushValue = MakeMenuText("", stepperValueX, brushRowY, stepperValueWidth, 44.0f, 0.5f, menuText, 0.5f);
+    MenuButton brushDown = MakeMenuButton("-", stepperDownX, brushRowY, 44.0f, 44.0f, 0.7f,
+        menuButtonColor, menuButtonHover, 0.6f, true);
+    MenuButton brushUp = MakeMenuButton("+", stepperUpX, brushRowY, 44.0f, 44.0f, 0.7f,
+        menuButtonColor, menuButtonHover, 0.6f, true);
+    MenuButton clearButton = MakeMenuButton("CLEAR", menuMargin, 52.0f, menuContentWidth, 50.0f, 0.6f,
+        menuButtonColor, menuButtonHover);
+
+    // The canvas sits in the middle of the space right of the panel
+    const float canvasSize = 640.0f;
+
+    Box* canvasBorder = new Box();
+    canvasBorder->Color = menuAccent;
+    canvasBorder->t2d.position = { 0.5f, 0.5f, menuPanelWidth * 0.5f, 0.0f };
+    canvasBorder->t2d.center = { 0.5f, 0.5f };
+    canvasBorder->t2d.size = { 0.0f, 0.0f, canvasSize + 8.0f, canvasSize + 8.0f };
+    canvasBorder->BindToRenderSystem();
+    menuItems.push_back(canvasBorder);
+
+    Box* canvasBlank = new Box();   // shows through until the surface has a texture
+    canvasBlank->t2d.position = canvasBorder->t2d.position;
+    canvasBlank->t2d.center = { 0.5f, 0.5f };
+    canvasBlank->t2d.size = { 0.0f, 0.0f, canvasSize, canvasSize };
+    canvasBlank->BindToRenderSystem();
+    menuItems.push_back(canvasBlank);
+
+    ImageBox* canvasImage = new ImageBox();
+    canvasImage->t2d.position = canvasBorder->t2d.position;
+    canvasImage->t2d.center = { 0.5f, 0.5f };
+    canvasImage->t2d.size = { 0.0f, 0.0f, canvasSize, canvasSize };
+    canvasImage->BindToRenderSystem();
+    menuItems.push_back(canvasImage);
+
+    std::vector<MenuButton*> menuButtons = {
+        &playButton, &drawerButton, &settingsButton, &quitButton,
+        &sensitivityDown, &sensitivityUp, &fovDown, &fovUp,
+        &hitboxToggle, &graphicsButton, &resetButton, &backButton,
+        &bloomToggle, &shadowToggle, &lightShadowToggle, &vsyncToggle, &cullingToggle,
+        &surfacePrevious, &surfaceNext, &brushDown, &brushUp, &clearButton
+    };
+    for (MenuButton& swatch : swatches)
+        menuButtons.push_back(&swatch);
 
     TextBox* menuHint = new TextBox();
     menuHint->font = arial;
-    menuHint->text = "WASD TO MOVE   |   LEFT CLICK TO PUNCH   |   ESC FOR MENU";
+    menuHint->fontsize = 0.42f;
-    menuHint->fontsize = 0.5f;
+    menuHint->Color = menuMutedText;
-    menuHint->Color = { 0.55f, 0.61f, 0.70f };
+    menuHint->t2d.position = { 0.0f, 1.0f, menuMargin, -28.0f };
-    menuHint->t2d.position = { 0.5f, 0.92f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
+    menuHint->t2d.center = { 0.0f, 1.0f };
-    menuHint->t2d.center = { 0.5f, 0.5f };
+    menuHint->t2d.size = { 0.0f, 0.0f, menuContentWidth, 110.0f };
-    menuHint->t2d.size = { 0.9f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 40.0f };
+    menuHint->textCenter = { 0.0f, 1.0f };
-    menuHint->textCenter = { 0.5f, 0.5f };
     menuHint->BindToRenderSystem();
     menuItems.push_back(menuHint);
 
     auto SetButtonVisible = [](MenuButton& button, bool visible) {
-        button.box->Opacity = visible ? 0.92f : 0.0f;
+        button.box->Opacity = visible ? button.opacity : 0.0f;
+        button.accent->Opacity = visible ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
         button.label->Opacity = visible ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
         };
 
@@ -371,38 +471,79 @@ void Engine::Initiate()
         const bool main = menuScreen == MenuScreen::Main;
         const bool paused = menuScreen == MenuScreen::Paused;
         const bool settings = menuScreen == MenuScreen::Settings;
+        const bool graphics = menuScreen == MenuScreen::Graphics;
+        const bool drawer = menuScreen == MenuScreen::Drawer;
+        const bool mainButtons = main || paused;
 
-        menuVeil->Opacity = 0.55f;
+        menuVeil->Opacity = 0.22f;
+        menuPanel->Opacity = 0.82f;
+        menuPanelEdge->Opacity = 1.0f;
         menuTitle->Opacity = 1.0f;
         menuSubtitle->Opacity = 1.0f;
         menuHint->Opacity = 1.0f;
-        menuSubtitle->text = main ? "MAIN MENU" : (paused ? "PAUSED" : "SETTINGS");
+        menuSubtitle->text = main ? "MAIN MENU" : (paused ? "PAUSED"
+            : (drawer ? "TEXTURE DRAWER" : (graphics ? "GRAPHICS" : "SETTINGS")));
         playButton.label->text = paused ? "RESUME" : "PLAY";
         quitButton.label->text = paused ? "QUIT TO MENU" : "QUIT";
-        menuHint->text = settings
+        menuHint->text = drawer
-            ? "ESC TO GO BACK   |   ADJUST MOUSE, FOV, AND HITBOXES"
+            ? "DRAG ON THE CANVAS TO DRAW\nESC TO GO BACK"
-            : "WASD TO MOVE   |   LEFT CLICK TO PUNCH   |   ESC FOR MENU";
+            : (settings || graphics ? "ESC TO GO BACK" : "WASD TO MOVE\nESC FOR MENU");
+
+        SetButtonVisible(playButton, mainButtons);
+        SetButtonVisible(drawerButton, mainButtons);
+        SetButtonVisible(settingsButton, mainButtons);
+        SetButtonVisible(quitButton, mainButtons);
+        SetButtonVisible(surfacePrevious, drawer);
+        SetButtonVisible(surfaceNext, drawer);
+        SetButtonVisible(brushDown, drawer);
+        SetButtonVisible(brushUp, drawer);
+        SetButtonVisible(clearButton, drawer);
+        for (MenuButton& swatch : swatches)
+            SetButtonVisible(swatch, drawer);
+
+        Texture* canvasTexture = drawableSurfaces[selectedSurface].surface->texture;
+        canvasImage->surface = SurfaceTexture::Stretched(canvasTexture);
+        canvasImage->Opacity = drawer && canvasTexture ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
+        canvasBlank->Opacity = drawer ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
+        canvasBorder->Opacity = drawer ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
+        surfaceName->Opacity = drawer ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
+        surfaceName->text = drawableSurfaces[selectedSurface].name;
+        brushLabel->Opacity = drawer ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
+        brushValue->Opacity = drawer ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
+        brushValue->text = std::to_string(painter.brushSize);
+        swatchMarker->Opacity = drawer ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
+        swatchMarker->t2d.position = { 0.0f, 0.5f, menuMargin + swatchSpacing * selectedSwatch, swatchRowY + 28.0f };
 
-        SetButtonVisible(playButton, !settings);
-        SetButtonVisible(settingsButton, !settings);
-        SetButtonVisible(quitButton, !settings);
         SetButtonVisible(sensitivityDown, settings);
         SetButtonVisible(sensitivityUp, settings);
         SetButtonVisible(fovDown, settings);
         SetButtonVisible(fovUp, settings);
         SetButtonVisible(hitboxToggle, settings);
+        SetButtonVisible(graphicsButton, settings);
         SetButtonVisible(resetButton, settings);
-        SetButtonVisible(backButton, settings);
+        SetButtonVisible(backButton, settings || drawer || graphics);
-        settingsInfo->Opacity = settings ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
+
+        auto ShowToggle = [&](MenuButton& button, const char* name, bool enabled) {
+            SetButtonVisible(button, graphics);
+            button.label->text = std::string(name) + (enabled ? ": ON" : ": OFF");
+            button.color = enabled ? glm::vec3(0.82f, 0.45f, 0.10f) : menuButtonColor;
+            };
+        ShowToggle(bloomToggle, "BLOOM", rendersystem->graphics.bloom);
+        ShowToggle(shadowToggle, "SUN SHADOWS", rendersystem->graphics.shadows);
+        ShowToggle(lightShadowToggle, "LIGHT SHADOWS", rendersystem->graphics.lightShadows);
+        ShowToggle(vsyncToggle, "VSYNC", rendersystem->graphics.vsync);
+        ShowToggle(cullingToggle, "CULLING", rendersystem->graphics.culling);
+
+        sensLabel->Opacity = settings ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
+        sensValue->Opacity = settings ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
+        fovLabel->Opacity = settings ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
+        fovValue->Opacity = settings ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
 
         hitboxToggle.label->text = showHitboxes ? "HITBOXES: ON" : "HITBOXES: OFF";
-        hitboxToggle.color = showHitboxes
+        hitboxToggle.color = showHitboxes ? glm::vec3(0.82f, 0.45f, 0.10f) : menuButtonColor;
-            ? glm::vec3(0.12f, 0.30f, 0.22f)
-            : glm::vec3(0.20f, 0.22f, 0.28f);
 
-        settingsInfo->text = "MOUSE SENSITIVITY: " +
+        sensValue->text = std::to_string((int)std::lround(StartupCmPer360)) + " CM";
-            std::to_string((int)std::lround(StartupCmPer360)) +
+        fovValue->text = std::to_string((int)std::lround(camera->FOV));
-            " CM / 360\nFIELD OF VIEW: " + std::to_string((int)std::lround(camera->FOV));
         };
 
     auto OpenMenu = [&](MenuScreen screen) {
@@ -412,9 +553,6 @@ void Engine::Initiate()
         testcharacter.SetWalking(false);
         npc.SetWalking(false);
         fpsCounter->Opacity = 0.0f;
-        healthText->Opacity = 0.0f;
-        healthBarBack->Opacity = 0.0f;
-        healthBarFill->Opacity = 0.0f;
         camera->lockedcursor = false;
         glfwSetInputMode(window->handle, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_NORMAL);
         prevMouseDown = mouse->IsLeftDown();
@@ -425,9 +563,6 @@ void Engine::Initiate()
         charactermanager->ClearInput();
         for (Box* item : menuItems) item->Opacity = 0.0f;
         fpsCounter->Opacity = 1.0f;
-        healthText->Opacity = 1.0f;
-        healthBarBack->Opacity = 0.85f;
-        healthBarFill->Opacity = 1.0f;
         camera->lockedcursor = true;
         glfwSetInputMode(window->handle, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);
         int ww, wh;
@@ -436,9 +571,6 @@ void Engine::Initiate()
         };
 
     fpsCounter->Opacity = 0.0f;
-    healthText->Opacity = 0.0f;
-    healthBarBack->Opacity = 0.0f;
-    healthBarFill->Opacity = 0.0f;
     camera->lockedcursor = false;
     glfwSetInputMode(window->handle, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_NORMAL);
 
@@ -447,9 +579,9 @@ void Engine::Initiate()
     // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
     Mesh* floor = CreateCubeMesh();
     floor->name = "baseplate";
-    floor->meshTexture = blanktex;
+    floor->surface = SurfaceTexture::Tiled(blanktex, 8.0f);
     floor->roughness = 0.9f;
-    floor->t.ScaleTo({ 32.0f, 2.0f, 32.0f });
+    floor->t.ScaleTo({ 200.0f, 2.0f, 200.0f });
     floor->t.TranslateTo({ 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f });
     floor->BindToRenderSystem();
     mainf->AddChild(floor);
@@ -459,30 +591,36 @@ void Engine::Initiate()
     physicsengine->AddObject(floorBody);
     const BoundingBox floorBounds = floor->t.GetRotationlessAABB();
 
-    const float wallHeight = 4.0f;
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    const float wallThickness = 1.0f;
+    // Light cubes
-    const float wallOffset = 16.0f + wallThickness * 0.5f;
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    const float wallSpan = 32.0f + wallThickness;
+    auto AddLightCube = [&](const char* name, const glm::vec3& position, float size, const glm::vec3& color) -> Mesh* {
-
+        Mesh* cube = CreateCubeMesh();
-    auto AddWall = [&](const char* name, const glm::vec3& position, const glm::vec3& scale) {
+        cube->name = name;
-        Mesh* wall = CreateCubeMesh();
+        cube->colorOverride = glm::vec4(color, 1.0f);
-        wall->name = name;
+        cube->emissive = 1.0f;
-        wall->meshTexture = blanktex;
+        cube->t.ScaleTo(size);
-        wall->roughness = 0.9f;
+        cube->t.TranslateTo(position);
-        wall->t.ScaleTo(scale);
+        cube->BindToRenderSystem();
-        wall->t.TranslateTo(position);
+        mainf->AddChild(cube);
-        wall->BindToRenderSystem();
+        return cube;
-        mainf->AddChild(wall);
-
-        p* wallBody = new p(wall);
-        wallBody->velocity = false;
-        physicsengine->AddObject(wallBody);
         };
 
-    AddWall("wall_north", { 0.0f, wallHeight * 0.5f, -wallOffset }, { wallSpan, wallHeight, wallThickness });
+    const glm::vec3 skyLightColor(0.45f, 0.65f, 1.0f);
-    AddWall("wall_south", { 0.0f, wallHeight * 0.5f, wallOffset }, { wallSpan, wallHeight, wallThickness });
+    const glm::vec3 skyLightPosition(-6.0f, 7.0f, -6.0f);
-    AddWall("wall_west", { -wallOffset, wallHeight * 0.5f, 0.0f }, { wallThickness, wallHeight, 32.0f });
+    Mesh* skyLightCube = AddLightCube("spot_light_cube", skyLightPosition, 1.5f, skyLightColor);
-    AddWall("wall_east", { wallOffset, wallHeight * 0.5f, 0.0f }, { wallThickness, wallHeight, 32.0f });
+    rendersystem->lighting->AddSpotLight(skyLightPosition, { 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f }, skyLightColor, 1200.0f, 25.0f, 18.0f, 26.0f);
+
+    const glm::vec3 pointLightPosition(6.0f, 3.0f, -6.0f);
+    const glm::vec3 pointLightColor(1.0f, 0.35f, 0.05f);
+    Mesh* pointLightCube = AddLightCube("point_light_cube", pointLightPosition, 0.8f, pointLightColor);
+    rendersystem->lighting->AddPointLight(pointLightPosition, pointLightColor, 300.0f, 30.0f);
+
+    drawableSurfaces.push_back({ "BASEPLATE", &floor->surface, &floor->colorOverride });
+    drawableSurfaces.push_back({ "PLAYER", &testcharacter.surface, &testcharacter.colorOverride });
+    drawableSurfaces.push_back({ "DUMMY", &npc.surface, &npc.colorOverride });
+    drawableSurfaces.push_back({ "SKY LIGHT CUBE", &skyLightCube->surface, &skyLightCube->colorOverride });
+    drawableSurfaces.push_back({ "POINT LIGHT CUBE", &pointLightCube->surface, &pointLightCube->colorOverride });
 
     // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Ground check + respawn
@@ -515,10 +653,12 @@ void Engine::Initiate()
         if (showHitboxes) {
             for (Character* character : charactermanager->GetCharacters()) {
                 if (!character->body) continue;
+                if (character->ragdoll) {
+                    for (Ragdoll::Part* part : character->ragdoll->GetParts())
+                        lines.push_back({ part->transform.t.GetMatrix(), glm::vec3(0.2f, 0.9f, 0.35f) });
+                    continue;
+                }
                 lines.push_back({ character->body->t.GetMatrix(), glm::vec3(0.2f, 0.9f, 0.35f) });
-                const Hitbox& punch = character->GetPunchHitbox();
-                if (punch.active)
-                    lines.push_back({ punch.transform.GetMatrix(), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.25f, 0.1f) });
             }
         }
         rendersystem->SetHitboxDebugLines(lines);
@@ -545,8 +685,10 @@ void Engine::Initiate()
         if (escapePressed) {
             if (!menuActive)
                 OpenMenu(MenuScreen::Paused);
-            else if (menuScreen == MenuScreen::Settings)
+            else if (menuScreen == MenuScreen::Settings || menuScreen == MenuScreen::Drawer)
                 menuScreen = settingsReturn;
+            else if (menuScreen == MenuScreen::Graphics)
+                menuScreen = MenuScreen::Settings;
             else if (menuScreen == MenuScreen::Paused)
                 ResumeGame();
         }
@@ -561,9 +703,6 @@ void Engine::Initiate()
                 float yoffset = mouse->GetLastY() - mouse->GetY();
                 camera->ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
             }
-            else if (buffer.GetType() == Mouse::Event::Type::LPress) {
-                testcharacter.Punch(camera->t.GetFrontVector());
-            }
             else if (buffer.GetType() == Mouse::Event::Type::RPress) {
                 camera->lockedcursor = !camera->lockedcursor;
                 if (camera->lockedcursor) {
@@ -582,7 +721,8 @@ void Engine::Initiate()
             ApplyMenuLayout();
 
             const bool liveBackdrop = menuScreen == MenuScreen::Main ||
-                (menuScreen == MenuScreen::Settings && settingsReturn == MenuScreen::Main);
+                ((menuScreen == MenuScreen::Settings || menuScreen == MenuScreen::Graphics || menuScreen == MenuScreen::Drawer)
+                    && settingsReturn == MenuScreen::Main);
             if (liveBackdrop) {
                 static float menuAngle = 0.6f;
                 menuAngle += deltatime * 0.12f;
@@ -593,11 +733,7 @@ void Engine::Initiate()
                 camera->t.RotateToQuaternion(LookAt(menuTarget - menuCamera));
                 camera->Step(deltatime);
 
-                npc.SetTurnDirection(testcharacter.body->t.GetTranslation() -
-                    npc.body->t.GetTranslation());
                 charactermanager->Step(deltatime);
-                rain->t.TranslateTo(camera->t.GetTranslation() + glm::vec3(0.0f, 20.0f, 0.0f));
-                rain->Step(deltatime);
             }
 
             soundsystem->SetListenerPosition(
@@ -607,89 +743,146 @@ void Engine::Initiate()
             );
             soundsystem->Update();
 
-            MenuButton* buttons[] = {
-                &playButton, &settingsButton, &quitButton,
-                &sensitivityDown, &sensitivityUp, &fovDown, &fovUp,
-                &hitboxToggle, &resetButton, &backButton
-            };
-            for (MenuButton* button : buttons)
-                button->box->t2d.Recalculate();
-
             const glm::vec2 mousePos((float)mouse->GetX(), (float)mouse->GetY());
-            auto Hovered = [&](const MenuButton& button) {
+            const float hoverEase = 1.0f - std::exp(-12.0f * deltatime);
-                return mousePos.x > button.box->t2d.pixelposition.x &&
-                    mousePos.y > button.box->t2d.pixelposition.y &&
-                    mousePos.x < button.box->t2d.pixelposition.x + button.box->t2d.pixelsize.x &&
-                    mousePos.y < button.box->t2d.pixelposition.y + button.box->t2d.pixelsize.y;
-                };
 
-            const bool playHovered = Hovered(playButton);
+            for (MenuButton* button : menuButtons) {
-            const bool settingsHovered = Hovered(settingsButton);
+                t2d_package& t2d = button->box->t2d;
-            const bool quitHovered = Hovered(quitButton);
+                t2d.Recalculate();
-            const bool sensDownHovered = Hovered(sensitivityDown);
+                button->hovered = button->box->Opacity > 0.0f &&
-            const bool sensUpHovered = Hovered(sensitivityUp);
+                    mousePos.x > t2d.pixelposition.x &&
-            const bool fovDownHovered = Hovered(fovDown);
+                    mousePos.y > t2d.pixelposition.y &&
-            const bool fovUpHovered = Hovered(fovUp);
+                    mousePos.x < t2d.pixelposition.x + t2d.pixelsize.x &&
-            const bool hitboxHovered = Hovered(hitboxToggle);
+                    mousePos.y < t2d.pixelposition.y + t2d.pixelsize.y;
-            const bool resetHovered = Hovered(resetButton);
-            const bool backHovered = Hovered(backButton);
 
-            playButton.box->Color = playHovered ? glm::vec3(0.18f, 0.44f, 0.32f) : playButton.color;
+                button->hover += ((button->hovered ? 1.0f : 0.0f) - button->hover) * hoverEase;
-            settingsButton.box->Color = settingsHovered ? glm::vec3(0.22f, 0.34f, 0.50f) : settingsButton.color;
+                button->box->Color = glm::mix(button->color, button->hoverColor, button->hover);
-            quitButton.box->Color = quitHovered ? glm::vec3(0.30f, 0.20f, 0.22f) : quitButton.color;
+                button->accent->t2d.size.z = 5.0f * button->hover;
-            sensitivityDown.box->Color = sensDownHovered ? glm::vec3(0.22f, 0.34f, 0.50f) : sensitivityDown.color;
+                button->label->t2d.position.z = button->labelX + button->labelSlide * button->hover;
-            sensitivityUp.box->Color = sensUpHovered ? glm::vec3(0.22f, 0.34f, 0.50f) : sensitivityUp.color;
+            }
-            fovDown.box->Color = fovDownHovered ? glm::vec3(0.22f, 0.34f, 0.50f) : fovDown.color;
-            fovUp.box->Color = fovUpHovered ? glm::vec3(0.22f, 0.34f, 0.50f) : fovUp.color;
-            hitboxToggle.box->Color = hitboxHovered ? glm::vec3(0.22f, 0.34f, 0.50f) : hitboxToggle.color;
-            resetButton.box->Color = resetHovered ? glm::vec3(0.30f, 0.32f, 0.40f) : resetButton.color;
-            backButton.box->Color = backHovered ? glm::vec3(0.18f, 0.44f, 0.32f) : backButton.color;
 
             const bool mouseDown = mouse->IsLeftDown();
             if (mouseDown && !prevMouseDown) {
                 if (menuScreen == MenuScreen::Settings) {
-                    if (sensDownHovered) {
+                    if (sensitivityDown.hovered) {
                         StartupCmPer360 = glm::clamp(StartupCmPer360 + 2.0f, 4.0f, 80.0f);
                         camera->SetSensitivityCm(StartupCmPer360, StartupMouseDpi);
                     }
-                    else if (sensUpHovered) {
+                    else if (sensitivityUp.hovered) {
                         StartupCmPer360 = glm::clamp(StartupCmPer360 - 2.0f, 4.0f, 80.0f);
                         camera->SetSensitivityCm(StartupCmPer360, StartupMouseDpi);
                     }
-                    else if (fovDownHovered) {
+                    else if (fovDown.hovered) {
                         camera->FOV = glm::clamp(camera->FOV - 5.0f, 60.0f, 130.0f);
                     }
-                    else if (fovUpHovered) {
+                    else if (fovUp.hovered) {
                         camera->FOV = glm::clamp(camera->FOV + 5.0f, 60.0f, 130.0f);
                     }
-                    else if (hitboxHovered) {
+                    else if (hitboxToggle.hovered) {
                         showHitboxes = !showHitboxes;
                     }
-                    else if (resetHovered) {
+                    else if (graphicsButton.hovered) {
+                        menuScreen = MenuScreen::Graphics;
+                    }
+                    else if (resetButton.hovered) {
                         StartupCmPer360 = 16.0f;
                         StartupMouseDpi = 800.0f;
                         camera->SetSensitivityCm(StartupCmPer360, StartupMouseDpi);
                         camera->FOV = 110.0f;
                         showHitboxes = false;
                     }
-                    else if (backHovered) {
+                    else if (backButton.hovered) {
                         menuScreen = settingsReturn;
                     }
                 }
-                else if (playHovered) {
+                else if (menuScreen == MenuScreen::Graphics) {
+                    GraphicsSettings& graphics = rendersystem->graphics;
+                    if (bloomToggle.hovered) {
+                        graphics.bloom = !graphics.bloom;
+                    }
+                    else if (shadowToggle.hovered) {
+                        graphics.shadows = !graphics.shadows;
+                    }
+                    else if (lightShadowToggle.hovered) {
+                        graphics.lightShadows = !graphics.lightShadows;
+                    }
+                    else if (vsyncToggle.hovered) {
+                        graphics.vsync = !graphics.vsync;
+                        glfwSwapInterval(graphics.vsync ? 1 : 0);
+                    }
+                    else if (cullingToggle.hovered) {
+                        graphics.culling = !graphics.culling;
+                    }
+                    else if (backButton.hovered) {
+                        menuScreen = MenuScreen::Settings;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (menuScreen == MenuScreen::Drawer) {
+                    const int surfaceCount = (int)drawableSurfaces.size();
+                    if (surfacePrevious.hovered) {
+                        selectedSurface = (selectedSurface + surfaceCount - 1) % surfaceCount;
+                    }
+                    else if (surfaceNext.hovered) {
+                        selectedSurface = (selectedSurface + 1) % surfaceCount;
+                    }
+                    else if (brushDown.hovered) {
+                        painter.brushSize = glm::max(painter.brushSize - 2, 2);
+                    }
+                    else if (brushUp.hovered) {
+                        painter.brushSize = glm::min(painter.brushSize + 2, 64);
+                    }
+                    else if (clearButton.hovered) {
+                        DrawableSurface& drawable = drawableSurfaces[selectedSurface];
+                        EnsureCanvas(drawable);
+                        painter.Clear(*drawable.surface->texture);
+                    }
+                    else if (backButton.hovered) {
+                        menuScreen = settingsReturn;
+                    }
+                    for (int i = 0; i < (int)swatches.size(); i++) {
+                        if (swatches[i].hovered) {
+                            selectedSwatch = i;
+                            painter.color = swatchColors[i];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (playButton.hovered) {
                     ResumeGame();
                 }
-                else if (settingsHovered) {
+                else if (drawerButton.hovered) {
+                    settingsReturn = menuScreen;
+                    menuScreen = MenuScreen::Drawer;
+                }
+                else if (settingsButton.hovered) {
                     settingsReturn = menuScreen;
                     menuScreen = MenuScreen::Settings;
                 }
-                else if (quitHovered) {
+                else if (quitButton.hovered) {
                     if (menuScreen == MenuScreen::Main)
                         glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window->handle, 1);
                     else
                         menuScreen = MenuScreen::Main;
                 }
             }
+            // A stroke has to start on the canvas, but carries on if the mouse wanders off it
+            canvasImage->t2d.Recalculate();
+            const glm::vec2 canvasUV = (mousePos - canvasImage->t2d.pixelposition) / canvasImage->t2d.pixelsize;
+            if (!mouseDown || menuScreen != MenuScreen::Drawer) {
+                painting = false;
+            }
+            else if (!prevMouseDown) {
+                painting = canvasUV.x >= 0.0f && canvasUV.x <= 1.0f && canvasUV.y >= 0.0f && canvasUV.y <= 1.0f;
+            }
+
+            if (painting) {
+                DrawableSurface& drawable = drawableSurfaces[selectedSurface];
+                EnsureCanvas(drawable);
+                painter.Stroke(*drawable.surface->texture, glm::clamp(canvasUV, glm::vec2(0.0f), glm::vec2(1.0f)));
+            }
+            else {
+                painter.EndStroke();
+            }
+
             prevMouseDown = mouseDown;
 
             UpdateHitboxDebug();
@@ -712,11 +905,6 @@ void Engine::Initiate()
             testcharacter.SetTurnDirection(inputDirection);
         testcharacter.SetWalking(hasMoveInput);
 
-        const glm::vec3 npcVelocity(npcBody->linearvelocity.x, 0.0f, npcBody->linearvelocity.z);
-        npc.SetWalking(glm::length(npcVelocity) > 0.1f);
-        npc.SetTurnDirection(testcharacter.body->t.GetTranslation() -
-            npc.body->t.GetTranslation());
-
         charactermanager->Step(deltatime);
 
         const glm::vec3 inputVel = hasMoveInput
@@ -746,13 +934,12 @@ void Engine::Initiate()
             characterBody->linearvelocity.z += wishDir.z * add;
         }
 
-        charactermanager->ResolveCombat(*physicsengine);
-
         {
             const int   substeps = std::max(1, (int)std::ceil(deltatime * 120.0f));
             const float subDt = deltatime / float(substeps);
             for (int i = 0; i < substeps; i++) physicsengine->Step(subDt);
         }
+        npc.ragdoll->Update(deltatime);
 
         if (testcharacter.body->t.GetTranslation().y < -20.0f) {
             testcharacter.body->t.TranslateTo(RandomSpawn());
@@ -784,6 +971,8 @@ void Engine::Initiate()
             for (p* obj : physicsengine->GetObjects()) {
                 if (obj->pointer == testcharacter.body || !obj->collision)
                     continue;
+                if (obj->collisionGroup != 0)   // flailing ragdoll limbs would make the camera jump
+                    continue;
                 if (obj == floorBody && ignoreFloorCollision)
                     continue;
                 auto hit = IsRayInT(cameraSweep, obj->pointer->t);
@@ -800,9 +989,6 @@ void Engine::Initiate()
         }
         camera->Step(deltatime);
 
-        rain->t.TranslateTo(camera->t.GetTranslation() + glm::vec3(0.0f, 20.0f, 0.0f));
-        rain->Step(deltatime);
-
         Sound* music = static_cast<Sound*>(mainf->GetFirstChildOfName("music"));
         if (music) music->Update3DPosition(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
 
@@ -833,14 +1019,6 @@ void Engine::Initiate()
             fpsCounter->text = std::to_string(measuredFps) + " FPS";
         }
 
-        healthText->text = "PLAYER " + std::to_string((int)std::lround(testcharacter.body->Health)) +
-            " HP    DUMMY " + std::to_string((int)std::lround(npc.body->Health)) + " HP";
-
-        const float healthRatio = glm::clamp((float)testcharacter.body->Health / 100.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
-        healthBarFill->t2d.size.z = healthBarFillWidth * healthRatio;
-        healthBarFill->Color = glm::mix(glm::vec3(0.85f, 0.20f, 0.12f),
-            glm::vec3(0.20f, 0.85f, 0.35f), healthRatio);
-
         // --------------------------------------------------------------------
         // Render
         // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -878,9 +1056,12 @@ void key_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mod
             const GLFWvidmode* mode = glfwGetVideoMode(monitor);
             glfwSetWindowMonitor(window, monitor, 0, 0, mode->width, mode->height, mode->refreshRate);
         }
-        glfwSwapInterval(1);
+        glfwSwapInterval(engine && engine->rendersystem && !engine->rendersystem->graphics.vsync ? 0 : 1);
     }
 
+    if (key == GLFW_KEY_H && action == GLFW_PRESS && engine && engine->rendersystem)
+        engine->rendersystem->CycleDebugView();
+
     if (action == GLFW_PRESS)   keyboard->KeyDown(key);
     else if (action == GLFW_RELEASE) keyboard->KeyUp(key);
 

Gui.h

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "QuadVertices.h"
 #include "shaderClass.h"
 #include "texture.h"
+#include "SurfaceTexture.h"
 #include "t2d.h"
 #include "font.h"
 #include "RenderSystem.h"
@@ -190,7 +191,7 @@ public:
 
 class ImageBox : public Box {
 public:
-    Texture* tex = nullptr;
+    SurfaceTexture surface;
 
     ImageBox() {
         shadertype = ShaderType::ImageBoxShader;
@@ -208,14 +209,7 @@ public:
         ShaderProgram.Set2F("pixelScale", t2d.pixelsize);
         ShaderProgram.Set2F("pixelPos", t2d.pixelposition);
         ShaderProgram.Set1F("rounding", rounding);
-        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+        surface.Apply(ShaderProgram, 0, glm::vec3(t2d.pixelsize, 0.0f));
-        if (tex) {
-            glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, tex->ID);
-            ShaderProgram.SetInt("tex", 0);
-        }
-        else {
-            glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
-        }
         boxVAO.Bind();
         glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
         boxVAO.Unbind();

Light.h

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#ifndef LIGHT_CLASS
+#define LIGHT_CLASS
+
+#include <glm/glm.hpp>
+
+// These have to match the sizes in deferred_lighting.frag and default.frag
+static constexpr int MAX_DIRECTIONAL_LIGHTS = 4;
+static constexpr int MAX_POINT_LIGHTS = 16;
+static constexpr int MAX_SPOT_LIGHTS = 8;
+
+// Spot and point shadows share one depth texture cut into tiles.
+// A spot light takes 1 tile, a point light takes 6. Lights past the limit just don't cast shadows.
+static constexpr int SHADOW_ATLAS_COLUMNS = 6;   // has to match the shaders too
+static constexpr int SHADOW_ATLAS_TILES = SHADOW_ATLAS_COLUMNS * SHADOW_ATLAS_COLUMNS;
+static constexpr int SHADOW_ATLAS_TILE_SIZE = 640;
+
+class Light {
+public:
+	glm::vec3 color = glm::vec3(1.0f);   // linear rgb
+	float intensity = 1.0f;
+	bool castShadow = true;   // spot and point lights, the sun always has its own shadow map
+	int shadowTile = -1;      // first atlas tile, set each frame by the render system
+};
+
+// Parallel rays with no position, so it lights the whole scene from one direction
+class DirectionalLight : public Light {
+public:
+	glm::vec3 direction = glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f);   // the way the light travels
+};
+
+// Fades with distance and reaches nothing past radius
+class PointLight : public Light {
+public:
+	glm::vec3 position = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+	float radius = 10.0f;
+};
+
+// A cone from a point. Full brightness inside innerAngle, fading to nothing at outerAngle.
+class SpotLight : public Light {
+public:
+	glm::vec3 position = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+	glm::vec3 direction = glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f);   // the way the cone points
+	float radius = 20.0f;
+	float innerAngle = 20.0f;   // degrees from the center of the cone
+	float outerAngle = 30.0f;
+};
+
+#endif

Lighting.h

@@ -1,18 +1,56 @@
 #ifndef LIGHTING_CLASS
 #define LIGHTING_CLASS
 
-#include "t.h"
+#include <vector>
-#include "tFunctions.h"
 
+#include "Light.h"
+
+// Every light in the scene. Directional lights are the only ones without shadows, apart from the sun.
 class Lighting {
 public:
-	t dirlighting;
+	DirectionalLight sun;
+	std::vector<DirectionalLight*> directionalLights;
+	std::vector<PointLight*> pointLights;
+	std::vector<SpotLight*> spotLights;
+	std::vector<glm::mat4> shadowTileMatrices;   // world to light clip space, one per used atlas tile
 
 	Lighting() {
-		dirlighting.RotateToQuaternion(glm::quat({ glm::radians(90.0f),0.0f,0.0f}));
+		sun.color = glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.97f, 0.92f);
-		dirlighting.TranslateTo({0.0f,0.0f,0.0f});
+		sun.intensity = 3.0f;
 	}
 
+	DirectionalLight* AddDirectionalLight(const glm::vec3& direction, const glm::vec3& color, float intensity) {
+		DirectionalLight* light = new DirectionalLight();
+		light->direction = glm::normalize(direction);
+		light->color = color;
+		light->intensity = intensity;
+		directionalLights.push_back(light);
+		return light;
+	}
+
+	PointLight* AddPointLight(const glm::vec3& position, const glm::vec3& color, float intensity, float radius) {
+		PointLight* light = new PointLight();
+		light->position = position;
+		light->color = color;
+		light->intensity = intensity;
+		light->radius = radius;
+		pointLights.push_back(light);
+		return light;
+	}
+
+	SpotLight* AddSpotLight(const glm::vec3& position, const glm::vec3& direction, const glm::vec3& color,
+		float intensity, float radius, float innerAngle, float outerAngle) {
+		SpotLight* light = new SpotLight();
+		light->position = position;
+		light->direction = glm::normalize(direction);
+		light->color = color;
+		light->intensity = intensity;
+		light->radius = radius;
+		light->innerAngle = innerAngle;
+		light->outerAngle = outerAngle;
+		spotLights.push_back(light);
+		return light;
+	}
 
 private:
 

Mesh.h

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "tFunctions.h"
 #include "Vertex.h"
 #include "texture.h"
+#include "SurfaceTexture.h"
 #include "MeshData.h"
 
 struct IntersectionData {
@@ -36,11 +37,12 @@ class Mesh : public Object , public Renderable, public t_package , public MeshDa
 	friend class Model;
 protected:
 public:
-	Texture* meshTexture = nullptr;
+	SurfaceTexture surface;
 	glm::vec4 colorOverride = glm::vec4(0.0f);  // rgb + strength; 0 = use the texture's own colour
 	float metallic = 0.0f;
 	float roughness = 0.8f;
 	float ao = 1.0f;
+	float emissive = 0.0f;  // 0-1, how much of its own colour it shows with no light on it
 
 	VAO vao;
 	VBO vbo;
@@ -461,26 +463,24 @@ public:
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Vertices are normalized into the unit cube, so t's box already holds the whole mesh
+	bool GetWorldBounds(BoundingBox& bounds) const override {
+		bounds = t.GetAABB();
+		return true;
+	}
+
 	void Render(Shader& ShaderProgram) override {
 		glm::mat4 topass = t.GetMatrix();
 
 		ShaderProgram.Activate();
-		glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
+		surface.Apply(ShaderProgram, 1, t.GetScale());
-		if (meshTexture != nullptr) {
-			glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, meshTexture->ID);
-			ShaderProgram.SetInt("tex", 1);
-			ShaderProgram.SetInt("useTexture", 1);
-		}
-		else {
-			glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
-			ShaderProgram.SetInt("useTexture", 0);
-		}
 
 		ShaderProgram.SetMat4("modl",  topass);
 		ShaderProgram.Set4F("colorOverride", colorOverride);
 		ShaderProgram.Set1F("metallic", metallic);
 		ShaderProgram.Set1F("roughness", roughness);
 		ShaderProgram.Set1F("ao", ao);
+		ShaderProgram.Set1F("emissive", emissive);
 		vao.Bind();
 		glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, indices.size(), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
 		vao.Unbind();

Net.cpp

@@ -1,626 +0,0 @@
-#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
-#define NOMINMAX
-#include <winsock2.h>
-#include <ws2tcpip.h>
-#pragma comment(lib, "ws2_32.lib")
-
-#include "Net.h"
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <chrono>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <iostream>
-
-#ifndef SIO_UDP_CONNRESET
-#define SIO_UDP_CONNRESET _WSAIOW(IOC_VENDOR, 12)
-#endif
-
-namespace {
-    constexpr uint32_t       NET_MAGIC = 0x45494946;  // "EIIF"
-    constexpr uint16_t       NET_VERSION = 3;
-    constexpr unsigned short NET_PORT = 27015;
-    constexpr double         NET_TIMEOUT = 2.0;       // seconds of silence before a player is dropped
-
-    // One datagram = Header followed by 'count' Entry records.
-    // Client -> host: count 1 (the client's own state, id ignored).
-    // Host -> client: one entry per other player, host included (id 0).
-#pragma pack(push, 1)
-    struct Header {
-        uint32_t magic;
-        uint16_t version;
-        uint32_t seq;
-        uint8_t  count;
-    };
-    struct Entry {
-        uint8_t id;
-        float   pos[3];
-        float   rot[4];  // x, y, z, w
-        uint8_t sliding;
-    };
-#pragma pack(pop)
-
-    constexpr uint32_t NET_MAGIC_BLAST = 0x45494942;  // "EIIB"
-    constexpr int      BLAST_COPIES = 4;              // each blast is sent this many times
-
-#pragma pack(push, 1)
-    struct BlastPacket {
-        uint32_t magic;
-        uint16_t version;
-        uint8_t  sender;
-        uint32_t id;
-        float    center[3];
-        float    radius;
-        float    power;
-    };
-#pragma pack(pop)
-
-    constexpr uint32_t NET_MAGIC_HIT = 0x45494948;  // "EIIH"
-
-#pragma pack(push, 1)
-    struct HitPacket {
-        uint32_t magic;
-        uint16_t version;
-        uint8_t  sender;
-        uint8_t  target;
-        uint32_t id;
-        int16_t  damage;
-        float    knock[3];
-    };
-#pragma pack(pop)
-
-    constexpr uint32_t NET_MAGIC_SPAWN = 0x45494953;  // "EIIS"
-    constexpr uint32_t NET_MAGIC_CUBES = 0x45494943;  // "EIIC"
-    constexpr int      CUBES_PER_PACKET = 36;
-
-#pragma pack(push, 1)
-    struct SpawnPacket {
-        uint32_t magic;
-        uint16_t version;
-        uint8_t  sender;
-        uint32_t id;
-        float    pos[3];
-    };
-    struct CubesHeader {
-        uint32_t magic;
-        uint16_t version;
-        uint8_t  count;
-    };
-    struct CubeEntry {
-        uint32_t id;
-        float    pos[3];
-        float    rot[4];  // x, y, z, w
-    };
-#pragma pack(pop)
-
-    constexpr int MAX_ENTRIES = Lan::MaxPlayers;
-    constexpr int MAX_DATAGRAM = (int)sizeof(Header) + MAX_ENTRIES * (int)sizeof(Entry);
-
-    double Now() {
-        using namespace std::chrono;
-        return duration<double>(steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count();
-    }
-
-    Entry MakeEntry(uint8_t id, const NetState& s) {
-        Entry e;
-        e.id = id;
-        e.pos[0] = s.position.x; e.pos[1] = s.position.y; e.pos[2] = s.position.z;
-        e.rot[0] = s.rotation.x; e.rot[1] = s.rotation.y; e.rot[2] = s.rotation.z; e.rot[3] = s.rotation.w;
-        e.sliding = s.sliding ? 1 : 0;
-        return e;
-    }
-
-    NetState ReadEntry(const Entry& e) {
-        NetState s;
-        s.position = glm::vec3(e.pos[0], e.pos[1], e.pos[2]);
-        s.rotation = glm::quat(e.rot[3], e.rot[0], e.rot[1], e.rot[2]);  // glm ctor order is w, x, y, z
-        s.sliding = e.sliding != 0;
-        return s;
-    }
-
-    bool SameAddress(const sockaddr_in& a, const sockaddr_in& b) {
-        return a.sin_addr.s_addr == b.sin_addr.s_addr && a.sin_port == b.sin_port;
-    }
-}
-
-struct Lan::Impl {
-    struct Peer {
-        sockaddr_in addr{};
-        uint8_t     id = 0;
-        double      lastRecv = 0.0;
-        uint32_t    lastSeq = 0;
-        bool        started = false;  // has sent at least one datagram (so lastSeq is valid)
-        NetState    state;
-        bool        hasState = false;
-    };
-
-    SOCKET      sock = INVALID_SOCKET;
-    bool        wsaStarted = false;
-    uint32_t    sendSeq = 0;
-
-    // Host
-    std::vector<Peer> peers;
-
-    // Client
-    sockaddr_in hostAddr{};
-    bool        anyRecv = false;
-    uint32_t    lastSeq = 0;
-    double      lastRecvTime = 0.0;
-
-    // Blasts waiting for their remaining copies to go out
-    struct PendingBlast { BlastPacket pkt; int copiesLeft; };
-    std::vector<PendingBlast> pendingBlasts;
-    uint32_t blastSeq = 0;
-    std::vector<uint64_t> seenBlasts;  // (type, sender, id) of recent blasts/hits, for de-duplication
-
-    struct PendingSpawn { SpawnPacket pkt; int copiesLeft; };
-    std::vector<PendingSpawn> pendingSpawns;
-    uint32_t spawnSeq = 0;
-    size_t   cubeCursor = 0;  // host: where the next slice of cubes starts
-
-    struct PendingHit { HitPacket pkt; int copiesLeft; };
-    std::vector<PendingHit> pendingHits;
-    uint32_t hitSeq = 0;
-
-    void SendHitPacket(const sockaddr_in& to, const HitPacket& pkt) {
-        sendto(sock, (const char*)&pkt, (int)sizeof(pkt), 0, (const sockaddr*)&to, (int)sizeof(to));
-    }
-
-    // True the first time a (type, sender, id) triple is seen. type: 0 = blast, 1 = hit.
-    bool FirstSighting(uint8_t type, uint8_t sender, uint32_t id) {
-        const uint64_t key = ((uint64_t)type << 40) | ((uint64_t)sender << 32) | id;
-        if (std::find(seenBlasts.begin(), seenBlasts.end(), key) != seenBlasts.end()) return false;
-        seenBlasts.push_back(key);
-        if (seenBlasts.size() > 64) seenBlasts.erase(seenBlasts.begin());
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    void SendBlastPacket(const sockaddr_in& to, const BlastPacket& pkt) {
-        sendto(sock, (const char*)&pkt, (int)sizeof(pkt), 0, (const sockaddr*)&to, (int)sizeof(to));
-    }
-
-    void SendDatagram(const sockaddr_in& to, const std::vector<Entry>& entries) {
-        char buf[MAX_DATAGRAM];
-        Header h;
-        h.magic = NET_MAGIC;
-        h.version = NET_VERSION;
-        h.seq = ++sendSeq;
-        h.count = (uint8_t)entries.size();
-        std::memcpy(buf, &h, sizeof(h));
-        std::memcpy(buf + sizeof(h), entries.data(), entries.size() * sizeof(Entry));
-        sendto(sock, buf, (int)(sizeof(h) + entries.size() * sizeof(Entry)), 0,
-               (const sockaddr*)&to, (int)sizeof(to));
-    }
-};
-
-Lan::Lan() : impl(new Impl()) {}
-
-Lan::~Lan() {
-    Stop();
-    delete impl;
-}
-
-bool Lan::Start(Mode m, const std::string& hostIp) {
-    if (m == Mode::Off) return false;
-
-    WSADATA wsa;
-    if (WSAStartup(MAKEWORD(2, 2), &wsa) != 0) {
-        std::cout << "[net] WSAStartup failed\n";
-        return false;
-    }
-    impl->wsaStarted = true;
-
-    impl->sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);
-    if (impl->sock == INVALID_SOCKET) {
-        std::cout << "[net] socket() failed: " << WSAGetLastError() << "\n";
-        Stop();
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    u_long nonBlocking = 1;
-    ioctlsocket(impl->sock, FIONBIO, &nonBlocking);
-
-    // Don't let an ICMP "port unreachable" (other side not up yet) kill recvfrom with WSAECONNRESET
-    BOOL newBehavior = FALSE;
-    DWORD bytes = 0;
-    WSAIoctl(impl->sock, SIO_UDP_CONNRESET, &newBehavior, sizeof(newBehavior), NULL, 0, &bytes, NULL, NULL);
-
-    sockaddr_in local{};
-    local.sin_family = AF_INET;
-    local.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
-    local.sin_port = htons(m == Mode::Host ? NET_PORT : 0);  // clients use any free port
-    if (bind(impl->sock, (sockaddr*)&local, sizeof(local)) == SOCKET_ERROR) {
-        std::cout << "[net] bind() failed: " << WSAGetLastError()
-                  << " (is another copy already hosting on this PC?)\n";
-        Stop();
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (m == Mode::Client) {
-        impl->hostAddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
-        impl->hostAddr.sin_port = htons(NET_PORT);
-        if (inet_pton(AF_INET, hostIp.c_str(), &impl->hostAddr.sin_addr) != 1) {
-            std::cout << "[net] '" << hostIp << "' is not a valid IPv4 address\n";
-            Stop();
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    mode = m;
-    active = true;
-    return true;
-}
-
-void Lan::Stop() {
-    if (impl->sock != INVALID_SOCKET) {
-        closesocket(impl->sock);
-        impl->sock = INVALID_SOCKET;
-    }
-    if (impl->wsaStarted) {
-        WSACleanup();
-        impl->wsaStarted = false;
-    }
-    impl->peers.clear();
-    impl->pendingBlasts.clear();
-    impl->pendingHits.clear();
-    impl->pendingSpawns.clear();
-    impl->seenBlasts.clear();
-    impl->anyRecv = false;
-    active = false;
-    mode = Mode::Off;
-}
-
-void Lan::SendBlast(const NetBlast& b) {
-    if (!active) return;
-    Impl::PendingBlast pb;
-    pb.pkt.magic = NET_MAGIC_BLAST;
-    pb.pkt.version = NET_VERSION;
-    pb.pkt.sender = 0;  // the host stamps the real id when relaying a client's blast
-    pb.pkt.id = ++impl->blastSeq;
-    pb.pkt.center[0] = b.center.x; pb.pkt.center[1] = b.center.y; pb.pkt.center[2] = b.center.z;
-    pb.pkt.radius = b.radius;
-    pb.pkt.power = b.power;
-    pb.copiesLeft = BLAST_COPIES;
-    impl->pendingBlasts.push_back(pb);
-}
-
-void Lan::SendHit(uint8_t target, const NetHit& h) {
-    if (!active) return;
-    Impl::PendingHit ph;
-    ph.pkt.magic = NET_MAGIC_HIT;
-    ph.pkt.version = NET_VERSION;
-    ph.pkt.sender = 0;  // the host stamps the real id when relaying a client's hit
-    ph.pkt.target = target;
-    ph.pkt.id = ++impl->hitSeq;
-    ph.pkt.damage = (int16_t)std::clamp(h.damage, 0, 1000);
-    ph.pkt.knock[0] = h.knockback.x; ph.pkt.knock[1] = h.knockback.y; ph.pkt.knock[2] = h.knockback.z;
-    ph.copiesLeft = BLAST_COPIES;
-    impl->pendingHits.push_back(ph);
-}
-
-void Lan::SendCubeSpawn(const glm::vec3& position) {
-    if (!active || mode != Mode::Client) return;
-    Impl::PendingSpawn ps;
-    ps.pkt.magic = NET_MAGIC_SPAWN;
-    ps.pkt.version = NET_VERSION;
-    ps.pkt.sender = 0;  // the host stamps the real id
-    ps.pkt.id = ++impl->spawnSeq;
-    ps.pkt.pos[0] = position.x; ps.pkt.pos[1] = position.y; ps.pkt.pos[2] = position.z;
-    ps.copiesLeft = BLAST_COPIES;
-    impl->pendingSpawns.push_back(ps);
-}
-
-void Lan::SendCubes(const std::vector<NetCube>& cubes) {
-    if (!active || mode != Mode::Host || cubes.empty() || impl->peers.empty()) return;
-
-    const size_t n = cubes.size();
-    const size_t count = std::min(n, (size_t)CUBES_PER_PACKET);
-    if (impl->cubeCursor >= n) impl->cubeCursor = 0;
-
-    char buf[sizeof(CubesHeader) + CUBES_PER_PACKET * sizeof(CubeEntry)];
-    CubesHeader h;
-    h.magic = NET_MAGIC_CUBES;
-    h.version = NET_VERSION;
-    h.count = (uint8_t)count;
-    std::memcpy(buf, &h, sizeof(h));
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-        const NetCube& c = cubes[(impl->cubeCursor + i) % n];
-        CubeEntry e;
-        e.id = c.id;
-        e.pos[0] = c.position.x; e.pos[1] = c.position.y; e.pos[2] = c.position.z;
-        e.rot[0] = c.rotation.x; e.rot[1] = c.rotation.y; e.rot[2] = c.rotation.z; e.rot[3] = c.rotation.w;
-        std::memcpy(buf + sizeof(h) + i * sizeof(e), &e, sizeof(e));
-    }
-    impl->cubeCursor = (impl->cubeCursor + count) % n;
-
-    const int len = (int)(sizeof(h) + count * sizeof(CubeEntry));
-    for (const Impl::Peer& to : impl->peers)
-        sendto(impl->sock, buf, len, 0, (const sockaddr*)&to.addr, (int)sizeof(to.addr));
-}
-
-void Lan::Send(const NetState& s) {
-    if (!active) return;
-
-    // One more copy of every pending cube spawn request (client -> host)
-    for (Impl::PendingSpawn& ps : impl->pendingSpawns) {
-        sendto(impl->sock, (const char*)&ps.pkt, (int)sizeof(ps.pkt), 0,
-               (const sockaddr*)&impl->hostAddr, (int)sizeof(impl->hostAddr));
-        ps.copiesLeft--;
-    }
-    impl->pendingSpawns.erase(
-        std::remove_if(impl->pendingSpawns.begin(), impl->pendingSpawns.end(),
-                       [](const Impl::PendingSpawn& ps) { return ps.copiesLeft <= 0; }),
-        impl->pendingSpawns.end());
-
-    // One more copy of every pending hit: clients send to the host, the host to the target only
-    for (Impl::PendingHit& ph : impl->pendingHits) {
-        if (mode == Mode::Client) impl->SendHitPacket(impl->hostAddr, ph.pkt);
-        else for (const Impl::Peer& to : impl->peers)
-            if (to.id == ph.pkt.target) impl->SendHitPacket(to.addr, ph.pkt);
-        ph.copiesLeft--;
-    }
-    impl->pendingHits.erase(
-        std::remove_if(impl->pendingHits.begin(), impl->pendingHits.end(),
-                       [](const Impl::PendingHit& ph) { return ph.copiesLeft <= 0; }),
-        impl->pendingHits.end());
-
-    // One more copy of every pending blast (to the host, or from the host to everyone)
-    for (Impl::PendingBlast& pb : impl->pendingBlasts) {
-        if (mode == Mode::Client) impl->SendBlastPacket(impl->hostAddr, pb.pkt);
-        else for (const Impl::Peer& to : impl->peers) impl->SendBlastPacket(to.addr, pb.pkt);
-        pb.copiesLeft--;
-    }
-    impl->pendingBlasts.erase(
-        std::remove_if(impl->pendingBlasts.begin(), impl->pendingBlasts.end(),
-                       [](const Impl::PendingBlast& pb) { return pb.copiesLeft <= 0; }),
-        impl->pendingBlasts.end());
-
-    if (mode == Mode::Client) {
-        impl->SendDatagram(impl->hostAddr, { MakeEntry(0, s) });
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Host: to each player, send the host's state plus every other player's latest state
-    for (const Impl::Peer& to : impl->peers) {
-        std::vector<Entry> entries;
-        entries.push_back(MakeEntry(0, s));
-        for (const Impl::Peer& other : impl->peers) {
-            if (other.id != to.id && other.hasState && (int)entries.size() < MAX_ENTRIES)
-                entries.push_back(MakeEntry(other.id, other.state));
-        }
-        impl->SendDatagram(to.addr, entries);
-    }
-}
-
-void Lan::Receive(std::vector<NetUpdate>& out, std::vector<NetBlast>* blasts, std::vector<NetHit>* hits,
-                  std::vector<NetCubeRequest>* spawns, std::vector<NetCube>* cubes) {
-    if (!active) return;
-
-    char buf[1500];
-    for (int i = 0; i < 512; i++) {  // bounded so a flood can't stall the frame
-        sockaddr_in from{};
-        int fromLen = (int)sizeof(from);
-        int r = recvfrom(impl->sock, buf, (int)sizeof(buf), 0, (sockaddr*)&from, &fromLen);
-        if (r == SOCKET_ERROR) {
-            if (WSAGetLastError() == WSAEWOULDBLOCK) break;
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (r < (int)sizeof(Header)) continue;
-
-        uint32_t magic;
-        std::memcpy(&magic, buf, sizeof(magic));
-        if (magic == NET_MAGIC_BLAST) {
-            if (r != (int)sizeof(BlastPacket)) continue;
-            BlastPacket bp;
-            std::memcpy(&bp, buf, sizeof(bp));
-            if (bp.version != NET_VERSION) continue;
-
-            if (mode == Mode::Host) {
-                // Only known players may blast. Stamp their id and relay to everyone else.
-                const Impl::Peer* sender = nullptr;
-                for (const Impl::Peer& pe : impl->peers)
-                    if (SameAddress(pe.addr, from)) { sender = &pe; break; }
-                if (!sender) continue;
-                bp.sender = sender->id;
-                for (const Impl::Peer& to : impl->peers)
-                    if (to.id != sender->id) impl->SendBlastPacket(to.addr, bp);
-            }
-            else if (!SameAddress(from, impl->hostAddr)) continue;  // clients only listen to the host
-
-            if (blasts && impl->FirstSighting(0, bp.sender, bp.id)) {
-                NetBlast nb;
-                nb.sender = bp.sender;
-                nb.id = bp.id;
-                nb.center = glm::vec3(bp.center[0], bp.center[1], bp.center[2]);
-                nb.radius = bp.radius;
-                nb.power = bp.power;
-                blasts->push_back(nb);
-            }
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if (magic == NET_MAGIC_SPAWN) {
-            if (mode != Mode::Host || r != (int)sizeof(SpawnPacket)) continue;
-            SpawnPacket sp;
-            std::memcpy(&sp, buf, sizeof(sp));
-            if (sp.version != NET_VERSION) continue;
-
-            // Only known players may spawn cubes
-            const Impl::Peer* sender = nullptr;
-            for (const Impl::Peer& pe : impl->peers)
-                if (SameAddress(pe.addr, from)) { sender = &pe; break; }
-            if (!sender) continue;
-
-            if (spawns && impl->FirstSighting(2, sender->id, sp.id)) {
-                NetCubeRequest req;
-                req.sender = sender->id;
-                req.id = sp.id;
-                req.position = glm::vec3(sp.pos[0], sp.pos[1], sp.pos[2]);
-                spawns->push_back(req);
-            }
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if (magic == NET_MAGIC_CUBES) {
-            if (mode != Mode::Client || !SameAddress(from, impl->hostAddr)) continue;
-            CubesHeader ch;
-            if (r < (int)sizeof(ch)) continue;
-            std::memcpy(&ch, buf, sizeof(ch));
-            if (ch.version != NET_VERSION || ch.count > CUBES_PER_PACKET) continue;
-            if (r != (int)(sizeof(ch) + ch.count * sizeof(CubeEntry))) continue;
-
-            if (cubes) {
-                for (int k = 0; k < ch.count; k++) {
-                    CubeEntry e;
-                    std::memcpy(&e, buf + sizeof(ch) + k * sizeof(e), sizeof(e));
-                    NetCube c;
-                    c.id = e.id;
-                    c.position = glm::vec3(e.pos[0], e.pos[1], e.pos[2]);
-                    c.rotation = glm::quat(e.rot[3], e.rot[0], e.rot[1], e.rot[2]);
-                    cubes->push_back(c);
-                }
-            }
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if (magic == NET_MAGIC_HIT) {
-            if (r != (int)sizeof(HitPacket)) continue;
-            HitPacket hp;
-            std::memcpy(&hp, buf, sizeof(hp));
-            if (hp.version != NET_VERSION) continue;
-
-            bool forUs = true;
-            if (mode == Mode::Host) {
-                // Only known players may shoot. Stamp their id; deliver to us or forward to the target.
-                const Impl::Peer* sender = nullptr;
-                for (const Impl::Peer& pe : impl->peers)
-                    if (SameAddress(pe.addr, from)) { sender = &pe; break; }
-                if (!sender) continue;
-                hp.sender = sender->id;
-                if (hp.target != 0) {
-                    forUs = false;
-                    for (const Impl::Peer& to : impl->peers)
-                        if (to.id == hp.target) impl->SendHitPacket(to.addr, hp);
-                }
-            }
-            else if (!SameAddress(from, impl->hostAddr)) continue;  // clients only listen to the host
-
-            if (forUs && hits && impl->FirstSighting(1, hp.sender, hp.id)) {
-                NetHit nh;
-                nh.sender = hp.sender;
-                nh.id = hp.id;
-                nh.damage = hp.damage;
-                nh.knockback = glm::vec3(hp.knock[0], hp.knock[1], hp.knock[2]);
-                hits->push_back(nh);
-            }
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        Header h;
-        std::memcpy(&h, buf, sizeof(h));
-        if (h.magic != NET_MAGIC || h.version != NET_VERSION) continue;
-        if (h.count == 0 || h.count > MAX_ENTRIES) continue;
-        if (r != (int)(sizeof(Header) + h.count * sizeof(Entry))) continue;
-
-        const double now = Now();
-
-        if (mode == Mode::Host) {
-            // Find this sender, or admit them as a new player
-            Impl::Peer* peer = nullptr;
-            for (Impl::Peer& p : impl->peers)
-                if (SameAddress(p.addr, from)) { peer = &p; break; }
-
-            if (!peer) {
-                if ((int)impl->peers.size() >= MaxPlayers - 1) continue;  // pit is full
-                uint8_t id = 1;
-                while (std::any_of(impl->peers.begin(), impl->peers.end(),
-                                   [&](const Impl::Peer& p) { return p.id == id; }))
-                    id++;
-                Impl::Peer np;
-                np.addr = from;
-                np.id = id;
-                impl->peers.push_back(np);
-                peer = &impl->peers.back();
-                std::cout << "[net] player " << (int)id << " joined\n";
-            }
-
-            if (peer->started && (int32_t)(h.seq - peer->lastSeq) <= 0) continue;  // stale / duplicate
-            peer->started = true;
-            peer->lastSeq = h.seq;
-            peer->lastRecv = now;
-
-            Entry e;
-            std::memcpy(&e, buf + sizeof(Header), sizeof(Entry));
-            peer->state = ReadEntry(e);
-            peer->hasState = true;
-
-            NetUpdate u;
-            u.id = peer->id;
-            u.state = peer->state;
-            out.push_back(u);
-        }
-        else {
-            if (!SameAddress(from, impl->hostAddr)) continue;  // only listen to the host
-
-            // After a long silence the host may have restarted (sequence back to 1): accept anything
-            if (impl->anyRecv && now - impl->lastRecvTime >= NET_TIMEOUT) impl->anyRecv = false;
-            if (impl->anyRecv && (int32_t)(h.seq - impl->lastSeq) <= 0) continue;
-            impl->anyRecv = true;
-            impl->lastSeq = h.seq;
-            impl->lastRecvTime = now;
-
-            for (int k = 0; k < h.count; k++) {
-                Entry e;
-                std::memcpy(&e, buf + sizeof(Header) + k * sizeof(Entry), sizeof(Entry));
-                NetUpdate u;
-                u.id = e.id;
-                u.state = ReadEntry(e);
-                out.push_back(u);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Host: forget players who stopped sending
-    if (mode == Mode::Host) {
-        const double now = Now();
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < impl->peers.size();) {
-            if (now - impl->peers[i].lastRecv > NET_TIMEOUT) {
-                std::cout << "[net] player " << (int)impl->peers[i].id << " left\n";
-                impl->peers.erase(impl->peers.begin() + i);
-            }
-            else i++;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-bool Lan::IsConnected() const {
-    if (!active) return false;
-    if (mode == Mode::Host) return !impl->peers.empty();
-    return impl->anyRecv && (Now() - impl->lastRecvTime) < NET_TIMEOUT;
-}
-
-int Lan::PeerCount() const {
-    return (int)impl->peers.size();
-}
-
-std::string Lan::LocalAddresses() {
-    WSADATA wsa;
-    if (WSAStartup(MAKEWORD(2, 2), &wsa) != 0) return "";
-
-    std::string result;
-    char name[256];
-    if (gethostname(name, sizeof(name)) == 0) {
-        addrinfo hints{};
-        hints.ai_family = AF_INET;
-        addrinfo* list = nullptr;
-        if (getaddrinfo(name, nullptr, &hints, &list) == 0) {
-            for (addrinfo* a = list; a; a = a->ai_next) {
-                char ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
-                const sockaddr_in* sa = (const sockaddr_in*)a->ai_addr;
-                if (inet_ntop(AF_INET, &sa->sin_addr, ip, sizeof(ip)))
-                    result += std::string(result.empty() ? "" : ", ") + ip;
-            }
-            freeaddrinfo(list);
-        }
-    }
-    WSACleanup();
-    return result;
-}

Net.h

@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef NET_CLASS
-#define NET_CLASS
-
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-#include <glm/glm.hpp>
-#include <glm/gtc/quaternion.hpp>
-
-// Multiplayer UDP link for a LAN pit. One player hosts (UDP port 27015), everyone else joins by IP.
-// Clients send their own transform to the host every frame; the host relays everyone's
-// transform to everyone else. The host is player id 0, joiners get ids 1, 2, 3, ...
-// All Winsock code lives in Net.cpp so windows.h never leaks into the rest of the engine.
-
-struct NetState {
-    glm::vec3 position = glm::vec3(0.0f);
-    glm::quat rotation = glm::quat(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
-    bool      sliding = false;
-};
-
-// A state received for some other player.
-struct NetUpdate {
-    uint8_t  id = 0;
-    NetState state;
-};
-
-// A shockwave explosion. Every machine applies the launch to its own player, since remote
-// players are only puppets here. Blasts are re-sent a few times (UDP) and de-duplicated on receive.
-struct NetBlast {
-    uint8_t   sender = 0;  // filled in by the host; ignored on send
-    uint32_t  id = 0;      // filled in by SendBlast
-    glm::vec3 center = glm::vec3(0.0f);
-    float     radius = 0.0f;
-    float     power = 0.0f;
-};
-
-// Damage dealt to another player. Each machine owns its own player's health, so the shooter
-// aims locally and sends this to the victim, who applies it. Re-sent a few times and de-duplicated.
-struct NetHit {
-    uint8_t   sender = 0;  // filled in by the host
-    uint32_t  id = 0;      // filled in by SendHit
-    int       damage = 0;
-    glm::vec3 knockback = glm::vec3(0.0f);  // added to the victim's velocity
-};
-
-// A physics cube owned by the host. The host simulates every cube and streams their poses to the
-// clients, which only draw them. The host also decides when a cube despawns.
-struct NetCube {
-    uint32_t  id = 0;
-    glm::vec3 position = glm::vec3(0.0f);
-    glm::quat rotation = glm::quat(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
-};
-
-// A client asking the host to spawn a cube. Re-sent a few times (UDP) and de-duplicated by the host.
-struct NetCubeRequest {
-    uint8_t   sender = 0;  // filled in by the host
-    uint32_t  id = 0;
-    glm::vec3 position = glm::vec3(0.0f);
-};
-
-class Lan {
-public:
-    enum class Mode { Off, Host, Client };
-
-    // Total players in the pit, host included.
-    static constexpr int MaxPlayers = 8;
-
-    Lan();
-    ~Lan();
-
-    // Opens the socket. For Client, hostIp is the host's IPv4 address. Returns false on failure.
-    bool Start(Mode mode, const std::string& hostIp);
-    void Stop();
-
-    Mode GetMode() const { return mode; }
-    bool IsActive() const { return active; }
-
-    // Call once per frame with our own state.
-    void Send(const NetState& state);
-    // Drains all waiting packets and appends the other players' newest states to 'out'.
-    // If 'blasts' is given, new (de-duplicated) shockwave blasts from other players are appended to it.
-    // 'hits' gets damage aimed at us (de-duplicated).
-    // 'spawns' (host only) gets cube spawn requests from clients; 'cubes' (client only) gets the
-    // host's cube poses.
-    void Receive(std::vector<NetUpdate>& out, std::vector<NetBlast>* blasts = nullptr,
-                 std::vector<NetHit>* hits = nullptr, std::vector<NetCubeRequest>* spawns = nullptr,
-                 std::vector<NetCube>* cubes = nullptr);
-    // Client: ask the host to spawn a cube at 'position'. Sent over the next few Send() calls.
-    void SendCubeSpawn(const glm::vec3& position);
-    // Host: stream cube poses to every client. Call once per frame; large sets go out in rotating
-    // slices, so a cube is refreshed every few frames.
-    void SendCubes(const std::vector<NetCube>& cubes);
-    // Damage another player. 'target' is the id from their NetUpdate (the host is 0).
-    void SendHit(uint8_t target, const NetHit& hit);
-    // Tell the other players about a blast we caused. Sent over the next few Send() calls.
-    void SendBlast(const NetBlast& blast);
-
-    // Host: at least one player has joined. Client: the host has been heard from in the last 2 s.
-    bool IsConnected() const;
-    // Host only: number of joined players, not counting the host.
-    int PeerCount() const;
-
-    // This machine's IPv4 addresses (for the host to read out to the joiners).
-    static std::string LocalAddresses();
-
-private:
-    struct Impl;
-    Impl* impl;
-    Mode mode = Mode::Off;
-    bool active = false;
-};
-
-inline Lan* lan = nullptr;
-
-#endif

Particle.h

@@ -66,10 +66,12 @@ public:
 public:
 	std::vector<Particle*> particles;
 
-	Texture* tex;
+	SurfaceTexture surface;
 
 	Mesh* mesh;
 
+	unsigned int instanceBuffer = 0;
+
 	ParticleEmitter() {
 		shadertype = ParticleShader;
 		mesh = new Mesh(quadVertices3D, quadIndices3D);
@@ -81,6 +83,7 @@ public:
 	}
 
 	~ParticleEmitter() {
+		if (instanceBuffer != 0) glDeleteBuffers(1, &instanceBuffer);
 		mesh->Delete();
 	}
 
@@ -131,13 +134,8 @@ public:
 
 		ShaderProgram.Set4F("color",color);
 
-		glActiveTexture(0);
+		surface.Apply(ShaderProgram, 0, size);
 
-		if (tex != nullptr) {
-			glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, tex->ID);
-			ShaderProgram.SetInt("tex", 0);
-		}
-		else glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
 		std::vector<glm::mat4> matrices;
 
 		if (color.w != 1.0f) {
@@ -167,9 +165,8 @@ public:
 				}
 			}
 		}
-		unsigned int buffer;
+		if (instanceBuffer == 0) glGenBuffers(1, &instanceBuffer);
-		glGenBuffers(1, &buffer);
+		glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, instanceBuffer);
-		glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer);
 		glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, particles.size() * sizeof(glm::mat4), &matrices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);
 
 		mesh->vao.Bind();

Physics.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 #include "Physics.h"
 
+#include <glm/gtc/constants.hpp>
+#include <glm/gtc/quaternion.hpp>
+
 // ============================================================================
 // ComputeInvInertiaTensor
 // Returns zero matrix for static or rotation-locked bodies.
@@ -27,7 +30,8 @@ glm::mat3 Physics::ComputeInvInertiaTensor(const p* body)
 // ============================================================================
 bool Physics::UpdateSleep(p* body, float dt)
 {
-    if (!body->velocity) return true;
+    if (!body->velocity || body->frozen) return true;
+    if (body->collisionGroup != 0) return false;  // groups settle as a whole, a joint can't hold a sleeping body
 
     const float linSq = glm::dot(body->linearvelocity, body->linearvelocity);
     const float angSq = glm::dot(body->angularvelocity, body->angularvelocity);
@@ -53,21 +57,27 @@ bool Physics::UpdateSleep(p* body, float dt)
 // ============================================================================
 void Physics::Step(float dt)
 {
+    // The damping constants are per 1/60 s step; rescale so drag doesn't depend on frame rate
+    const float steps = dt * 60.0f;
+    const float linearDamping = std::pow(PHYSICS_LINEAR_DAMPING, steps);
+    const float angularDamping = std::pow(PHYSICS_ANGULAR_DAMPING, steps);
+
     // Integrate forces ? velocities
     for (p* body : objects) {
-        if (!body->velocity || body->isSleeping) continue;
+        // Nothing rotates until the end of the step, so everything until then can share this
+        body->invInertia = ComputeInvInertiaTensor(body);
+
+        if (!body->velocity || body->isSleeping || body->frozen) continue;
 
         body->force += body->mass * gravity;
 
         body->linearvelocity += (body->force / body->mass) * dt;
 
         if (!body->lockRotation)
-            body->angularvelocity += (ComputeInvInertiaTensor(body) * body->torque) * dt;
+            body->angularvelocity += (body->invInertia * body->torque) * dt;
 
-        // The damping constants are per 1/60 s step; rescale so drag doesn't depend on frame rate
+        body->linearvelocity *= linearDamping;
-        const float steps = dt * 60.0f;
+        body->angularvelocity *= angularDamping;
-        body->linearvelocity *= std::pow(PHYSICS_LINEAR_DAMPING, steps);
-        body->angularvelocity *= std::pow(PHYSICS_ANGULAR_DAMPING, steps);
 
         body->force = glm::vec3(0.0f);
         body->torque = glm::vec3(0.0f);
@@ -80,17 +90,415 @@ void Physics::Step(float dt)
         if (!body->velocity) continue;
         if (UpdateSleep(body, dt)) continue;
 
+        if (body->maxSpeed > 0.0f && glm::length(body->linearvelocity) > body->maxSpeed)
+            body->linearvelocity = glm::normalize(body->linearvelocity) * body->maxSpeed;
+        if (body->maxAngularSpeed > 0.0f && glm::length(body->angularvelocity) > body->maxAngularSpeed)
+            body->angularvelocity = glm::normalize(body->angularvelocity) * body->maxAngularSpeed;
+
         body->pointer->t.TranslateBy(body->linearvelocity * dt);
 
-        if (!body->lockRotation)
+        if (!body->lockRotation) {
             body->pointer->t.RotateByQuaternion(glm::quat(body->angularvelocity * dt));
+            if (body->collisionMesh) body->pointer->t.NormalizeRotation();
+        }
     }
 }
 
+// ============================================================================
+// ResolveCollisions
+// ============================================================================
+void Physics::ResolveCollisions(float dt)
+{
+    FindCollisions();
+    for (Collision& col : collisions)
+        Resolve(&col);
+
+    if (joints.empty()) return;
+
+    // The first contact pass nudges positions, so these have to be worked out after it
+    for (BallJoint* joint : joints) {
+        DampJoint(*joint, dt);
+        PrepareJoint(*joint, dt);
+    }
+
+    // Joints and contacts fight each other, so iterate them together or limbs get pulled through the floor
+    for (int i = 0; i < PHYSICS_JOINT_ITERATIONS; i++) {
+        for (BallJoint* joint : joints)
+            SolveJoint(*joint);
+        for (Collision& col : collisions)
+            Resolve(&col, false);
+    }
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// FindCollisions
+// Sort and sweep: once sorted along x, a body can only touch the ones after it
+// that start before it ends.
+// ============================================================================
+void Physics::FindCollisions()
+{
+    collisions.clear();
+    broadPhase.clear();
+
+    for (p* body : objects) {
+        if (!body->collision) continue;
+        BroadPhaseEntry entry;
+        entry.body = body;
+        entry.bounds = body->pointer->t.GetAABB();
+        broadPhase.push_back(entry);
+    }
+
+    std::sort(broadPhase.begin(), broadPhase.end(), [](const BroadPhaseEntry& first, const BroadPhaseEntry& second) {
+        return first.bounds.min.x < second.bounds.min.x;
+    });
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < (int)broadPhase.size(); i++) {
+        const BroadPhaseEntry& first = broadPhase[i];
+        p* a = first.body;
+
+        for (int j = i + 1; j < (int)broadPhase.size(); j++) {
+            const BroadPhaseEntry& second = broadPhase[j];
+            if (second.bounds.min.x >= first.bounds.max.x) break;
+
+            p* b = second.body;
+            if (!a->velocity && !b->velocity)   continue;
+            if (a->isSleeping && b->isSleeping) continue;
+            if ((a->frozen || !a->velocity) && (b->frozen || !b->velocity)) continue;
+            if (a->collisionGroup != 0 && a->collisionGroup == b->collisionGroup) continue;
+            if (!BoundingBoxInBoundingBox(first.bounds, second.bounds)) continue;
+
+            if (a->collisionMesh || b->collisionMesh) {
+                CollideTriangles(a, b);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            std::optional<TInTInfo> e = TInT(a->pointer->t, b->pointer->t);
+            if (e.has_value()) {
+                Collision tp(a, b);
+                tp.POI = e.value().POI;
+                tp.CN = e.value().CN;
+                tp.overlap = e.value().overlap;
+                collisions.push_back(tp);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// CollideTriangles
+// Tests every triangle of one body against the other's BVH. Triangles have no
+// volume, so depth comes from how far the intersecting triangle reaches behind
+// the other triangle's outward facing plane.
+// ============================================================================
+static Triangle TransformTriangle(const Triangle& tri, const glm::mat4& matrix)
+{
+    return {
+        glm::vec3(matrix * glm::vec4(tri.a, 1.0f)),
+        glm::vec3(matrix * glm::vec4(tri.b, 1.0f)),
+        glm::vec3(matrix * glm::vec4(tri.c, 1.0f))
+    };
+}
+
+// Keeps the deepest contact, then whichever contacts spread the rest out the most
+static void KeepSpreadContacts(std::vector<Collision>& contacts)
+{
+    if ((int)contacts.size() <= PHYSICS_MAX_MESH_CONTACTS)
+        return;
+
+    int deepest = 0;
+    for (int i = 1; i < (int)contacts.size(); i++) {
+        if (contacts[i].overlap > contacts[deepest].overlap)
+            deepest = i;
+    }
+    std::swap(contacts[0], contacts[deepest]);
+
+    for (int kept = 1; kept < PHYSICS_MAX_MESH_CONTACTS; kept++) {
+        int farthest = kept;
+        float farthestDistance = -1.0f;
+        for (int i = kept; i < (int)contacts.size(); i++) {
+            float nearest = FLT_MAX;
+            for (int j = 0; j < kept; j++) {
+                const glm::vec3 offset = contacts[i].POI - contacts[j].POI;
+                nearest = glm::min(nearest, glm::dot(offset, offset));
+            }
+            if (nearest > farthestDistance) {
+                farthestDistance = nearest;
+                farthest = i;
+            }
+        }
+        std::swap(contacts[kept], contacts[farthest]);
+    }
+
+    contacts.erase(contacts.begin() + PHYSICS_MAX_MESH_CONTACTS, contacts.end());
+}
+
+// Two meshes can tangle: a hand between two faces gets contacts pushing opposite ways, which cancel
+// and pin it in place. So the whole pair shares one normal that always pushes them apart.
+static void UnifyContactNormals(const p* a, const p* b, std::vector<Collision>& contacts)
+{
+    glm::vec3 summed(0.0f);
+    float totalDepth = 0.0f;
+    for (const Collision& contact : contacts) {
+        summed += contact.CN * contact.overlap;
+        totalDepth += contact.overlap;
+    }
+
+    // Faces that mostly disagree say nothing useful, so fall back to the line between the two bodies
+    const glm::vec3 apart = a->pointer->t.GetTranslation() - b->pointer->t.GetTranslation();
+    glm::vec3 normal = summed;
+    if (glm::length(summed) < totalDepth * 0.3f)
+        normal = apart;
+    if (glm::length(normal) < 1e-6f)
+        return;
+
+    normal = glm::normalize(normal);
+    if (glm::dot(normal, apart) < 0.0f)
+        normal = -normal;
+
+    for (Collision& contact : contacts) {
+        contact.CN = normal;
+        contact.frictionScale = PHYSICS_MESH_PAIR_FRICTION;
+    }
+}
+
+void Physics::CollideTriangles(p* a, p* b)
+{
+    const CollisionMesh& meshA = a->collisionMesh ? *a->collisionMesh : CollisionMesh::UnitBox();
+    const CollisionMesh& meshB = b->collisionMesh ? *b->collisionMesh : CollisionMesh::UnitBox();
+
+    // Loop over the smaller mesh and search the larger one
+    const bool queryIsA = meshA.GetTriangles().size() <= meshB.GetTriangles().size();
+    const CollisionMesh& queryMesh = queryIsA ? meshA : meshB;
+    const CollisionMesh& targetMesh = queryIsA ? meshB : meshA;
+
+    const glm::mat4 queryToWorld = (queryIsA ? a : b)->pointer->t.GetMatrix();
+    const glm::mat4 targetToWorld = (queryIsA ? b : a)->pointer->t.GetMatrix();
+    const glm::mat4 queryToTarget = glm::inverse(targetToWorld) * queryToWorld;
+
+    // Box faces are the reliable surface. Between two meshes, b's faces are used.
+    const bool surfaceIsA = !a->collisionMesh && b->collisionMesh;
+    const bool surfaceIsQuery = surfaceIsA == queryIsA;
+
+    meshContacts.clear();
+
+    for (const Triangle& queryTriangle : queryMesh.GetTriangles()) {
+        const Triangle queryInTarget = TransformTriangle(queryTriangle, queryToTarget);
+
+        meshCandidates.clear();
+        targetMesh.Query(queryInTarget, meshCandidates);
+
+        for (int index : meshCandidates) {
+            const Triangle& targetTriangle = targetMesh.GetTriangles()[index];
+            if (!TriangleInTriangle(queryInTarget, targetTriangle))
+                continue;
+
+            const Triangle queryWorld = TransformTriangle(queryTriangle, queryToWorld);
+            const Triangle targetWorld = TransformTriangle(targetTriangle, targetToWorld);
+            const Triangle& surface = surfaceIsQuery ? queryWorld : targetWorld;
+            const Triangle& other = surfaceIsQuery ? targetWorld : queryWorld;
+
+            const glm::vec3 faceNormal = glm::cross(surface.b - surface.a, surface.c - surface.a);
+            const float faceLength = glm::length(faceNormal);
+            if (faceLength < 1e-8f)
+                continue;
+            const glm::vec3 normal = faceNormal / faceLength;
+
+            glm::vec3 deepestPoint = other.a;
+            float deepestDistance = glm::dot(other.a - surface.a, normal);
+            for (const glm::vec3& corner : { other.b, other.c }) {
+                const float distance = glm::dot(corner - surface.a, normal);
+                if (distance < deepestDistance) {
+                    deepestDistance = distance;
+                    deepestPoint = corner;
+                }
+            }
+            if (deepestDistance >= 0.0f)
+                continue;
+
+            // CN points from b to a, the same way TInT does
+            Collision contact(a, b);
+            contact.POI = deepestPoint;
+            contact.CN = surfaceIsA ? -normal : normal;
+            contact.overlap = glm::min(-deepestDistance, PHYSICS_MAX_MESH_DEPTH);
+            meshContacts.push_back(contact);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (meshContacts.empty())
+        return;
+
+    if (a->frozen) WakeGroup(a->collisionGroup);
+    if (b->frozen) WakeGroup(b->collisionGroup);
+
+    if (a->collisionMesh && b->collisionMesh)
+        UnifyContactNormals(a, b, meshContacts);
+
+    KeepSpreadContacts(meshContacts);
+    for (Collision& contact : meshContacts) {
+        contact.correctionWeight = 1.0f / (float)meshContacts.size();
+        collisions.push_back(contact);
+    }
+}
+
+void Physics::WakeGroup(int group)
+{
+    for (p* body : objects) {
+        if (body->collisionGroup == group)
+            body->frozen = false;
+    }
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Joints
+// Everything that only depends on where the bodies are gets worked out once in
+// Prepare. Solve then just pushes velocities around, and runs many times a step.
+// ============================================================================
+static glm::mat3 SkewMatrix(const glm::vec3& v)
+{
+    // Skew * x = cross(v, x). glm matrices are built from columns.
+    return glm::mat3(
+        glm::vec3(0.0f, v.z, -v.y),
+        glm::vec3(-v.z, 0.0f, v.x),
+        glm::vec3(v.y, -v.x, 0.0f));
+}
+
+// Asks for the child's spin relative to the parent around axis to close error
+static void AddAngularRow(BallJoint& joint, const glm::vec3& axis, float error, float dt, bool oneSided)
+{
+    AngularRow& row = joint.rows[joint.rowCount++];
+    row.axis = axis;
+    row.oneSided = oneSided;
+    row.targetSpeed = glm::clamp(error * (PHYSICS_JOINT_BIAS / dt),
+        -PHYSICS_JOINT_MAX_BIAS_SPEED, PHYSICS_JOINT_MAX_BIAS_SPEED);
+    row.inverseDenom = 1.0f / (glm::dot(axis, joint.parent->invInertia * axis) + glm::dot(axis, joint.child->invInertia * axis));
+}
+
+void Physics::PrepareJoint(BallJoint& joint, float dt)
+{
+    p* a = joint.parent;
+    p* b = joint.child;
+    if (a->frozen && b->frozen)
+        return;
+
+    const glm::quat orientA = a->pointer->t.GetRotationQuaternion();
+    const glm::quat orientB = b->pointer->t.GetRotationQuaternion();
+
+    const glm::vec3 rA = orientA * joint.anchorParent;
+    const glm::vec3 rB = orientB * joint.anchorChild;
+    joint.worldAnchorParent = rA;
+    joint.worldAnchorChild = rB;
+
+    const glm::mat3 skewA = SkewMatrix(rA);
+    const glm::mat3 skewB = SkewMatrix(rB);
+    const glm::mat3 K = glm::mat3(a->GetInvMass() + b->GetInvMass())
+        - skewA * a->invInertia * skewA - skewB * b->invInertia * skewB;
+    joint.inverseK = glm::inverse(K);
+
+    const glm::vec3 drift = (b->pointer->t.GetTranslation() + rB) - (a->pointer->t.GetTranslation() + rA);
+    joint.bias = drift * (PHYSICS_JOINT_BIAS / dt);
+    if (glm::length(joint.bias) > PHYSICS_JOINT_MAX_BIAS_SPEED)
+        joint.bias = glm::normalize(joint.bias) * PHYSICS_JOINT_MAX_BIAS_SPEED;
+
+    joint.rowCount = 0;
+
+    // ---- Hinge ----
+    if (joint.isHinge) {
+        const glm::vec3 hingeA = orientA * joint.hingeAxisParent;
+        const glm::vec3 hingeB = orientB * joint.hingeAxisChild;
+
+        // Keep both hinge axes lined up, leaving only spin around the hinge free
+        const glm::vec3 misalignment = glm::cross(hingeB, hingeA);
+        const glm::vec3 side = glm::normalize(orientA * joint.hingeRefParent);
+        const glm::vec3 otherSide = glm::cross(hingeA, side);
+        AddAngularRow(joint, side, glm::dot(misalignment, side), dt, false);
+        AddAngularRow(joint, otherSide, glm::dot(misalignment, otherSide), dt, false);
+
+        const glm::vec3 refA = side;
+        const glm::vec3 refB = orientB * joint.hingeRefChild;
+        const float bend = std::atan2(glm::dot(glm::cross(refA, refB), hingeA), glm::dot(refA, refB));
+
+        if (bend < joint.minBend)
+            AddAngularRow(joint, hingeA, joint.minBend - bend, dt, true);
+        else if (bend > joint.maxBend)
+            AddAngularRow(joint, -hingeA, bend - joint.maxBend, dt, true);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // ---- Swing cone ----
+    const glm::vec3 axisA = orientA * joint.axisParent;
+    const glm::vec3 axisB = orientB * joint.axisChild;
+    const float angle = glm::acos(glm::clamp(glm::dot(axisA, axisB), -1.0f, 1.0f));
+    if (angle > joint.maxAngle) {
+        const glm::vec3 swingAxis = glm::cross(axisB, axisA);
+        const float swingLength = glm::length(swingAxis);
+        if (swingLength > 1e-5f)
+            AddAngularRow(joint, swingAxis / swingLength, angle - joint.maxAngle, dt, true);
+    }
+
+    // ---- Twist limit ----
+    const glm::quat relative = glm::conjugate(orientA) * orientB;
+    const float twistAlongAxis = glm::dot(glm::vec3(relative.x, relative.y, relative.z), joint.axisChild);
+    float twist = 2.0f * std::atan2(twistAlongAxis, relative.w);
+    const float pi = glm::pi<float>();
+    if (twist > pi) twist -= 2.0f * pi;
+    else if (twist < -pi) twist += 2.0f * pi;
+
+    const glm::vec3 twistAxis = orientA * joint.axisChild;
+    if (twist > joint.maxTwist)
+        AddAngularRow(joint, -twistAxis, twist - joint.maxTwist, dt, true);
+    else if (twist < -joint.maxTwist)
+        AddAngularRow(joint, twistAxis, -joint.maxTwist - twist, dt, true);
+}
+
+void Physics::SolveJoint(BallJoint& joint)
+{
+    p* a = joint.parent;
+    p* b = joint.child;
+    if (a->frozen && b->frozen)
+        return;
+
+    const glm::vec3& rA = joint.worldAnchorParent;
+    const glm::vec3& rB = joint.worldAnchorChild;
+
+    const glm::vec3 relVel = b->linearvelocity + glm::cross(b->angularvelocity, rB)
+        - a->linearvelocity - glm::cross(a->angularvelocity, rA);
+
+    const glm::vec3 impulse = joint.inverseK * (-relVel - joint.bias);
+    a->linearvelocity -= a->GetInvMass() * impulse;
+    a->angularvelocity -= a->invInertia * glm::cross(rA, impulse);
+    b->linearvelocity += b->GetInvMass() * impulse;
+    b->angularvelocity += b->invInertia * glm::cross(rB, impulse);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < joint.rowCount; i++) {
+        const AngularRow& row = joint.rows[i];
+        const float speed = glm::dot(b->angularvelocity - a->angularvelocity, row.axis);
+        const float rowImpulse = (row.targetSpeed - speed) * row.inverseDenom;
+        if (row.oneSided && rowImpulse <= 0.0f)
+            continue;
+
+        a->angularvelocity -= a->invInertia * row.axis * rowImpulse;
+        b->angularvelocity += b->invInertia * row.axis * rowImpulse;
+    }
+}
+
+// Joints have no friction of their own, so without this limbs flail for a long time
+void Physics::DampJoint(BallJoint& joint, float dt)
+{
+    p* a = joint.parent;
+    p* b = joint.child;
+    if (a->frozen && b->frozen)
+        return;
+
+    const glm::vec3 relative = b->angularvelocity - a->angularvelocity;
+    const glm::vec3 removed = relative * (1.0f - std::exp(-PHYSICS_JOINT_DAMPING * dt)) * 0.5f;
+    a->angularvelocity += removed;
+    b->angularvelocity -= removed;
+}
+
 // ============================================================================
 // Resolve
 // ============================================================================
-void Physics::Resolve(Collision* c)
+void Physics::Resolve(Collision* c, bool firstPass)
 {
     p* a = c->ObjA;
     p* b = c->ObjB;
@@ -102,8 +510,8 @@ void Physics::Resolve(Collision* c)
     const glm::vec3 rA = c->POI - a->pointer->t.GetTranslation();
     const glm::vec3 rB = c->POI - b->pointer->t.GetTranslation();
 
-    const glm::mat3 invIA = ComputeInvInertiaTensor(a);
+    const glm::mat3& invIA = a->invInertia;
-    const glm::mat3 invIB = ComputeInvInertiaTensor(b);
+    const glm::mat3& invIB = b->invInertia;
 
     const float invMassA = a->GetInvMass();
     const float invMassB = b->GetInvMass();
@@ -115,7 +523,7 @@ void Physics::Resolve(Collision* c)
     const float relVelN = glm::dot(relVel, n);
     if (relVelN > 0.0f) return;
 
-    const float e = (glm::abs(relVelN) < PHYSICS_RESTITUTION_THRESHOLD)
+    const float e = (!firstPass || glm::abs(relVelN) < PHYSICS_RESTITUTION_THRESHOLD)
         ? 0.0f
         : glm::min(a->restitution, b->restitution);
 
@@ -148,7 +556,7 @@ void Physics::Resolve(Collision* c)
         const float denomT = invMassA + invMassB + angDenom(invIA, rA, tangent) + angDenom(invIB, rB, tangent);
         float jT = -glm::dot(relVel, tangent) / denomT;
 
-        const float mu = (a->friction + b->friction) * 0.5f;
+        const float mu = (a->friction + b->friction) * 0.5f * c->frictionScale;
         jT = glm::clamp(jT, -mu * jN, mu * jN);
 
         const glm::vec3 impulseT = jT * tangent;
@@ -165,9 +573,13 @@ void Physics::Resolve(Collision* c)
     }
 
     // ---- Baumgarte positional correction ----
+    if (!firstPass)
+        return;
+
     const float correction = glm::max(c->overlap - PHYSICS_BAUMGARTE_SLOP, 0.0f)
         / (invMassA + invMassB)
-        * PHYSICS_BAUMGARTE_FACTOR;
+        * PHYSICS_BAUMGARTE_FACTOR
+        * c->correctionWeight;
     const glm::vec3 corrVec = correction * n;
     if (a->velocity) a->pointer->t.TranslateBy(invMassA * corrVec);
     if (b->velocity) b->pointer->t.TranslateBy(-invMassB * corrVec);

Physics.h

@@ -12,11 +12,13 @@
 #include <glm/glm.hpp>
 #include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
 #include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
+#include <glm/gtc/quaternion.hpp>
 #include "common.h"
 #include "Engine.h"
 #include "Camera.h"
 #include "t.h"
 #include "tFunctions.h"
+#include "CollisionMesh.h"
 
 // ============================================================================
 // Tuneable constants
@@ -29,6 +31,13 @@ static constexpr float PHYSICS_SLEEP_LINEAR_SQ = 0.01f * 0.01f;
 static constexpr float PHYSICS_SLEEP_ANGULAR_SQ = 0.01f * 0.01f;
 static constexpr float PHYSICS_SLEEP_TIME_THRESHOLD = 0.5f;
 static constexpr float PHYSICS_RESTITUTION_THRESHOLD = 1.0f;
+static constexpr int   PHYSICS_JOINT_ITERATIONS = 12;
+static constexpr float PHYSICS_JOINT_BIAS = 0.2f;
+static constexpr float PHYSICS_JOINT_MAX_BIAS_SPEED = 5.0f;
+static constexpr float PHYSICS_JOINT_DAMPING = 5.0f;
+static constexpr int   PHYSICS_MAX_MESH_CONTACTS = 4;
+static constexpr float PHYSICS_MAX_MESH_DEPTH = 0.1f;
+static constexpr float PHYSICS_MESH_PAIR_FRICTION = 0.25f;  // two meshes catch on each other, so they slide easier
 
 // ============================================================================
 // Physics body
@@ -65,15 +74,23 @@ public:
     bool velocity = true;
     bool isSleeping = false;
     bool lockRotation = false;
+    bool frozen = false;                          // parked until something touches its group
+
+    // Set this to collide triangle by triangle, otherwise the body is its t's box
+    const CollisionMesh* collisionMesh = nullptr;
+    int collisionGroup = 0;                       // non zero groups don't collide with themselves
 
     float mass = 1.0f;
     float restitution = 0.2f;
     float friction = 0.5f;
+    float maxSpeed = 0.0f;                        // 0 = no limit
+    float maxAngularSpeed = 0.0f;
 
     glm::vec3 linearvelocity = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
     glm::vec3 angularvelocity = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
     glm::vec3 force = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
     glm::vec3 torque = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
+    glm::mat3 invInertia = glm::mat3(0.0f);       // world space, refreshed at the start of each step
 
     float sleepTimer = 0.0f;
 };
@@ -85,23 +102,87 @@ struct Collision {
     glm::vec3 POI;
     glm::vec3 CN;
     float overlap = 0.0f;
+    float correctionWeight = 1.0f;   // shares positional correction between a pair's contacts
+    float frictionScale = 1.0f;
     p* ObjA = nullptr;
     p* ObjB = nullptr;
 
     Collision(p* a, p* b) : ObjA(a), ObjB(b) {}
 };
 
+// ============================================================================
+// One angular constraint on a joint, worked out once per step
+// ============================================================================
+struct AngularRow {
+    glm::vec3 axis = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+    float targetSpeed = 0.0f;
+    float inverseDenom = 0.0f;
+    bool oneSided = false;          // a limit only pushes back, the rest also hold the bodies together
+};
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Ball joint with a swing cone and a twist limit, or a one axis hinge
+// Anchors and axes are local to each body: rotated, but not scaled.
+// The twist limit assumes both bodies started out unrotated.
+// ============================================================================
+struct BallJoint {
+    p* parent = nullptr;
+    p* child = nullptr;
+    glm::vec3 anchorParent = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+    glm::vec3 anchorChild = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+    glm::vec3 axisParent = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
+    glm::vec3 axisChild = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
+    float maxAngle = 0.0f;           // radians between the two axes
+    float maxTwist = 0.0f;           // radians either way around axisChild
+
+    // Hinges ignore the limits above and bend around one axis, like an elbow.
+    // The bend is the angle from hingeRefParent to hingeRefChild around the hinge axis.
+    bool isHinge = false;
+    glm::vec3 hingeAxisParent = glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+    glm::vec3 hingeAxisChild = glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+    glm::vec3 hingeRefParent = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
+    glm::vec3 hingeRefChild = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
+    float minBend = 0.0f;
+    float maxBend = 0.0f;
+
+    // Filled in by PrepareJoint, these can't change during a step's iterations
+    glm::vec3 worldAnchorParent = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+    glm::vec3 worldAnchorChild = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+    glm::vec3 bias = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+    glm::mat3 inverseK = glm::mat3(1.0f);
+    AngularRow rows[3];
+    int rowCount = 0;
+};
+
+struct BroadPhaseEntry {
+    p* body = nullptr;
+    BoundingBox bounds;
+};
+
 // ============================================================================
 // Physics world
 // ============================================================================
 class Physics {
 private:
     std::vector<p*> objects;
+    std::vector<BallJoint*> joints;
     glm::vec3 gravity = glm::vec3(0.0f, -9.81f, 0.0f);
 
+    // Kept between steps so they don't get reallocated
+    std::vector<BroadPhaseEntry> broadPhase;
+    std::vector<Collision> collisions;
+    std::vector<Collision> meshContacts;
+    std::vector<int> meshCandidates;
+
     static glm::mat3 ComputeInvInertiaTensor(const p* body);
     static bool      UpdateSleep(p* body, float dt);
-    void             Resolve(Collision* c);
+    void             Resolve(Collision* c, bool firstPass = true);
+    void             FindCollisions();
+    void             CollideTriangles(p* a, p* b);
+    void             WakeGroup(int group);
+    void             PrepareJoint(BallJoint& joint, float dt);
+    void             SolveJoint(BallJoint& joint);
+    void             DampJoint(BallJoint& joint, float dt);
 
 public:
     Physics() {}
@@ -111,6 +192,7 @@ public:
 
     int  GetObjectAmount() const noexcept { return (int)objects.size(); }
     void AddObject(p* obj) { objects.push_back(obj); }
+    void AddJoint(BallJoint* joint) { joints.push_back(joint); }
     const std::vector<p*>& GetObjects() const { return objects; }
 
     p* PPointerOfObject(t_package* pointer) const {
@@ -135,37 +217,7 @@ public:
 
     void Step(float dt);
 
-    void SolveCollisions(std::vector<Collision>& collisions) {
+    void ResolveCollisions(float dt);
-        for (Collision& col : collisions)
-            Resolve(&col);
-    }
-
-    void ResolveCollisions(float dt) {
-        std::vector<Collision> collisions;
-
-        for (p* a : objects) {
-            if (!a->collision) continue;
-            for (p* b : objects) {
-                if (b <= a || !b->collision)              continue;
-                if (!a->velocity && !b->velocity)         continue;
-                if (a->isSleeping && b->isSleeping)       continue;
-
-                if (TNearT(a->pointer->t, b->pointer->t) &&
-                    BoundingBoxInBoundingBox(a->pointer->t.GetAABB(), b->pointer->t.GetAABB()))
-                {
-                    std::optional<TInTInfo> e = TInT(a->pointer->t, b->pointer->t);
-                    if (e.has_value()) {
-                        Collision tp(a, b);
-                        tp.POI = e.value().POI;
-                        tp.CN = e.value().CN;
-                        tp.overlap = e.value().overlap;
-                        collisions.push_back(tp);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        SolveCollisions(collisions);
-    }
 };
 
 #endif

Ragdoll.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+#include "Ragdoll.h"
+
+#include <cfloat>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "Animator.h"
+#include "Character.h"
+#include "CollisionMesh.h"
+#include "Physics.h"
+
+struct PartDefinition {
+    const char* bone;
+    const char* endBone;   // set for hinges (elbows, knees): the far end of the part, used to find the bend
+    float mass;
+    float maxSwing;        // degrees the part can swing around the joint, in any direction
+    float coneTilt;        // degrees the swing cone leans forward, so hips reach further forward than back
+    float maxTwist;        // degrees the part can twist along its own length, either way
+    float minBend;         // hinge range in degrees, 0 = straight
+    float maxBend;
+    float bendDirection;   // 1 = folds forward, -1 = folds backward. Only used if the pose starts straight
+};
+
+// The hand, foot, finger and neck bones ride along with the nearest part above them.
+// The root part has to come first, and parents have to come before their children.
+static const PartDefinition partDefinitions[] = {
+    //  bone          endBone    mass  swing   tilt  twist  bend range     direction
+    { "Hip",        nullptr,    14.0f,   0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,   0.0f,  0.0f },
+    { "UpperTorso", nullptr,    22.0f,  30.0f,  0.0f, 25.0f, 0.0f,   0.0f,  0.0f },
+    { "Head",       nullptr,     5.0f,  45.0f,  0.0f, 60.0f, 0.0f,   0.0f,  0.0f },
+    { "L_UpperArm", nullptr,     3.0f, 110.0f,  0.0f, 60.0f, 0.0f,   0.0f,  0.0f },
+    { "L_LowerArm", "L_Hand",    2.5f,   0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 150.0f,  1.0f },
+    { "R_UpperArm", nullptr,     3.0f, 110.0f,  0.0f, 60.0f, 0.0f,   0.0f,  0.0f },
+    { "R_LowerArm", "R_Hand",    2.5f,   0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 150.0f,  1.0f },
+    { "L_UpperLeg", nullptr,     9.0f,  65.0f, 35.0f, 30.0f, 0.0f,   0.0f,  0.0f },
+    { "L_LowerLeg", "L_Foot",    6.0f,   0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 140.0f, -1.0f },
+    { "R_UpperLeg", nullptr,     9.0f,  65.0f, 35.0f, 30.0f, 0.0f,   0.0f,  0.0f },
+    { "R_LowerLeg", "R_Foot",    6.0f,   0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 140.0f, -1.0f },
+};
+static constexpr int PART_COUNT = sizeof(partDefinitions) / sizeof(partDefinitions[0]);
+
+static constexpr float PART_MIN_SIZE = 0.05f;
+static constexpr float PART_MAX_SPEED = 30.0f;
+static constexpr float PART_MAX_ANGULAR_SPEED = 30.0f;
+static constexpr float SETTLE_SPEED = 0.2f;
+static constexpr float SETTLE_ANGULAR_SPEED = 0.4f;
+static constexpr float SETTLE_TIME = 0.6f;
+static constexpr float FALL_LIMIT = -20.0f;
+static constexpr float HINGE_MIN_POSE_BEND = 0.17f;   // sin of 10 degrees, below this the pose counts as straight
+
+static const glm::quat IDENTITY_ROTATION(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+
+// Walks the skeleton, handing every bone to the part it hangs from and recording each part's parent
+static void AssignBones(const AssimpNodeData& node, int currentPart, const Rig& rig,
+    std::vector<int>& boneParts, int (&partBones)[PART_COUNT], int (&partParents)[PART_COUNT])
+{
+    const auto info = rig.m_BoneInfoMap.find(node.name);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < PART_COUNT; i++) {
+        if (node.name != partDefinitions[i].bone || info == rig.m_BoneInfoMap.end())
+            continue;
+        partBones[i] = info->second.id;
+        partParents[i] = i == 0 ? -1 : currentPart;
+        currentPart = i;
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if (info != rig.m_BoneInfoMap.end() && info->second.id >= 0 && info->second.id < (int)boneParts.size())
+        boneParts[info->second.id] = currentPart;
+
+    for (const AssimpNodeData& child : node.children)
+        AssignBones(child, currentPart, rig, boneParts, partBones, partParents);
+}
+
+static glm::vec3 SkinVertex(const RigVertex& vertex, const std::vector<glm::mat4>& bones)
+{
+    glm::vec4 position(0.0f);
+    float totalWeight = 0.0f;
+    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_BONE_INFLUENCE; i++) {
+        const int bone = vertex.m_BoneIDs[i];
+        if (bone < 0 || bone >= (int)bones.size())
+            continue;
+        position += bones[bone] * glm::vec4(vertex.Position, 1.0f) * vertex.m_Weights[i];
+        totalWeight += vertex.m_Weights[i];
+    }
+    return totalWeight > 0.0f ? glm::vec3(position) / totalWeight : vertex.Position;
+}
+
+Ragdoll::Ragdoll(CharacterBody& characterBody, const glm::mat4& rigMatrix, Physics& physics)
+{
+    static int nextGroup = 1;
+    group = nextGroup++;
+
+    Rig* rig = characterBody.rig;
+    Animator* animator = characterBody.animator;
+    if (!rig || !animator || !animator->m_CurrentAnimation) {
+        std::cout << "RAGDOLL NEEDS A RIG AND AN ANIMATION\n";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Bone matrices aren't filled in until the animator has stepped once
+    characterBody.Step(0.001f);
+    const std::vector<glm::mat4> poseBones = characterBody.GetBlendedBoneMatrices();
+
+    int partBones[PART_COUNT];
+    int partParents[PART_COUNT];
+    for (int i = 0; i < PART_COUNT; i++) {
+        partBones[i] = -1;
+        partParents[i] = -1;
+    }
+    boneParts.assign(poseBones.size(), 0);
+    AssignBones(animator->m_CurrentAnimation->GetRootNode(), 0, *rig, boneParts, partBones, partParents);
+
+    restBones.resize(poseBones.size());
+    for (int i = 0; i < (int)poseBones.size(); i++)
+        restBones[i] = rigMatrix * poseBones[i];
+
+    // Each triangle goes to whichever part most of its skin weight belongs to
+    std::vector<Triangle> partTriangles[PART_COUNT];
+    for (RigMesh* mesh : rig->meshes) {
+        for (int i = 0; i + 2 < (int)mesh->indices.size(); i += 3) {
+            const RigVertex* corners[3] = {
+                &mesh->vertices[mesh->indices[i]],
+                &mesh->vertices[mesh->indices[i + 1]],
+                &mesh->vertices[mesh->indices[i + 2]]
+            };
+
+            float partWeights[PART_COUNT] = {};
+            for (const RigVertex* corner : corners) {
+                for (int j = 0; j < MAX_BONE_INFLUENCE; j++) {
+                    const int bone = corner->m_BoneIDs[j];
+                    if (bone >= 0 && bone < (int)boneParts.size())
+                        partWeights[boneParts[bone]] += corner->m_Weights[j];
+                }
+            }
+            int bestPart = 0;
+            for (int j = 1; j < PART_COUNT; j++) {
+                if (partWeights[j] > partWeights[bestPart])
+                    bestPart = j;
+            }
+
+            partTriangles[bestPart].push_back({
+                glm::vec3(rigMatrix * glm::vec4(SkinVertex(*corners[0], poseBones), 1.0f)),
+                glm::vec3(rigMatrix * glm::vec4(SkinVertex(*corners[1], poseBones), 1.0f)),
+                glm::vec3(rigMatrix * glm::vec4(SkinVertex(*corners[2], poseBones), 1.0f))
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Parts start axis aligned around their triangles, in unit space like every other body
+    for (int i = 0; i < PART_COUNT; i++) {
+        glm::vec3 boundsMin(FLT_MAX);
+        glm::vec3 boundsMax(-FLT_MAX);
+        for (const Triangle& tri : partTriangles[i]) {
+            boundsMin = glm::min(boundsMin, glm::min(tri.a, glm::min(tri.b, tri.c)));
+            boundsMax = glm::max(boundsMax, glm::max(tri.a, glm::max(tri.b, tri.c)));
+        }
+        if (partTriangles[i].empty()) {
+            const int bone = partBones[i] >= 0 ? partBones[i] : 0;
+            boundsMin = boundsMax = glm::vec3(restBones[bone][3]);
+        }
+
+        const glm::vec3 center = (boundsMin + boundsMax) * 0.5f;
+        const glm::vec3 size = glm::max(boundsMax - boundsMin, glm::vec3(PART_MIN_SIZE));
+
+        std::vector<Triangle> unitTriangles;
+        unitTriangles.reserve(partTriangles[i].size());
+        for (const Triangle& tri : partTriangles[i])
+            unitTriangles.push_back({ (tri.a - center) / size, (tri.b - center) / size, (tri.c - center) / size });
+
+        Part* part = new Part();
+        part->restPosition = center;
+        part->transform.t.TranslateTo(center);
+        part->transform.t.ScaleTo(size);
+        part->transform.t.RotateToQuaternion(IDENTITY_ROTATION);
+        part->mesh = new CollisionMesh(unitTriangles);
+
+        part->body = new p(&part->transform);
+        part->body->mass = partDefinitions[i].mass;
+        part->body->restitution = 0.0f;
+        part->body->friction = 0.6f;
+        part->body->collisionMesh = part->mesh;
+        part->body->collisionGroup = group;
+        part->body->maxSpeed = PART_MAX_SPEED;
+        part->body->maxAngularSpeed = PART_MAX_ANGULAR_SPEED;
+        physics.AddObject(part->body);
+
+        parts.push_back(part);
+        restInverses.push_back(glm::inverse(part->transform.t.GetTranslationMatrix()));
+    }
+
+    auto BonePosition = [&](const char* name, const glm::vec3& fallback) {
+        const auto info = rig->m_BoneInfoMap.find(name);
+        if (info == rig->m_BoneInfoMap.end())
+            return fallback;
+        return glm::vec3(restBones[info->second.id] * glm::inverse(info->second.offset) * glm::vec4(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+    };
+
+    // The rig faces its local -Z, same as Character::GetForwardDirection
+    const glm::vec3 forward = glm::normalize(glm::vec3(rigMatrix * glm::vec4(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f)));
+
+    // Joints sit on the child bone's origin. Everything starts unrotated, so local = world here.
+    glm::vec3 jointAnchors[PART_COUNT];
+    jointAnchors[0] = parts[0]->restPosition;
+
+    for (int i = 1; i < PART_COUNT; i++) {
+        const PartDefinition& definition = partDefinitions[i];
+        if (partBones[i] < 0 || partParents[i] < 0) {
+            std::cout << "RAGDOLL BONE NOT FOUND: " << definition.bone << "\n";
+            jointAnchors[i] = parts[i]->restPosition;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        const glm::vec3 anchor = BonePosition(definition.bone, parts[i]->restPosition);
+        jointAnchors[i] = anchor;
+
+        Part* parent = parts[partParents[i]];
+        Part* child = parts[i];
+        glm::vec3 axis = child->restPosition - anchor;
+        axis = glm::length(axis) > 0.0001f ? glm::normalize(axis) : glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f);
+
+        // Leaning only the parent's axis moves the cone without moving the part
+        glm::vec3 coneAxis = axis;
+        const glm::vec3 forwardOfAxis = forward - axis * glm::dot(forward, axis);
+        if (glm::length(forwardOfAxis) > 0.001f) {
+            const float tilt = glm::radians(definition.coneTilt);
+            coneAxis = glm::normalize(axis * std::cos(tilt) + glm::normalize(forwardOfAxis) * std::sin(tilt));
+        }
+
+        BallJoint* limits = new BallJoint();
+        limits->parent = parent->body;
+        limits->child = child->body;
+        limits->anchorParent = anchor - parent->restPosition;
+        limits->anchorChild = anchor - child->restPosition;
+        limits->axisParent = coneAxis;
+        limits->axisChild = axis;
+        limits->maxAngle = glm::radians(definition.maxSwing);
+        limits->maxTwist = glm::radians(definition.maxTwist);
+
+        if (definition.endBone) {
+            const glm::vec3 upperDirection = glm::normalize(anchor - jointAnchors[partParents[i]]);
+            const glm::vec3 lowerDirection = glm::normalize(BonePosition(definition.endBone, child->restPosition) - anchor);
+
+            // A bent pose shows the real hinge. A straight one has to go by which way the limb should fold.
+            glm::vec3 hinge = glm::cross(upperDirection, lowerDirection);
+            if (glm::length(hinge) < HINGE_MIN_POSE_BEND)
+                hinge = glm::cross(upperDirection, forward * definition.bendDirection);
+            hinge = glm::length(hinge) > 0.001f ? glm::normalize(hinge) : glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+
+            limits->isHinge = true;
+            limits->hingeAxisParent = hinge;
+            limits->hingeAxisChild = hinge;
+            limits->hingeRefParent = glm::normalize(upperDirection - hinge * glm::dot(upperDirection, hinge));
+            limits->hingeRefChild = glm::normalize(lowerDirection - hinge * glm::dot(lowerDirection, hinge));
+            limits->minBend = glm::radians(definition.minBend);
+            limits->maxBend = glm::radians(definition.maxBend);
+        }
+
+        physics.AddJoint(limits);
+    }
+
+    // A nudge so it topples instead of balancing perfectly on its feet
+    parts[1]->body->linearvelocity = glm::vec3(0.8f, 0.0f, 0.4f);
+}
+
+void Ragdoll::Update(float dt)
+{
+    if (parts.empty())
+        return;
+
+    if (parts[0]->transform.t.GetTranslationY() < FALL_LIMIT) {
+        Reset();
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (parts[0]->body->frozen)
+        return;
+
+    bool settled = true;
+    for (Part* part : parts) {
+        if (glm::length(part->body->linearvelocity) > SETTLE_SPEED ||
+            glm::length(part->body->angularvelocity) > SETTLE_ANGULAR_SPEED) {
+            settled = false;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    settleTimer = settled ? settleTimer + dt : 0.0f;
+    if (settleTimer < SETTLE_TIME)
+        return;
+
+    // Freezing saves the triangle tests and stops resting contacts jittering. Contact wakes it again.
+    settleTimer = 0.0f;
+    for (Part* part : parts) {
+        part->body->frozen = true;
+        part->body->linearvelocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+        part->body->angularvelocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+    }
+}
+
+void Ragdoll::Reset()
+{
+    settleTimer = 0.0f;
+    for (Part* part : parts) {
+        part->transform.t.TranslateTo(part->restPosition);
+        part->transform.t.RotateToQuaternion(IDENTITY_ROTATION);
+        part->body->linearvelocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+        part->body->angularvelocity = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+        part->body->frozen = false;
+    }
+}
+
+std::vector<glm::mat4> Ragdoll::GetBoneMatrices() const
+{
+    std::vector<glm::mat4> bones = restBones;
+    if (parts.empty())
+        return bones;
+
+    std::vector<glm::mat4> partMoves;
+    partMoves.reserve(parts.size());
+    for (int i = 0; i < (int)parts.size(); i++) {
+        const t& transform = parts[i]->transform.t;
+        partMoves.push_back(transform.GetTranslationMatrix() * transform.GetRotationMatrix() * restInverses[i]);
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < (int)bones.size(); i++)
+        bones[i] = partMoves[boneParts[i]] * restBones[i];
+    return bones;
+}

Ragdoll.h

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#ifndef RAGDOLL_CLASS
+#define RAGDOLL_CLASS
+
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <glm/glm.hpp>
+
+#include "t.h"
+
+class CharacterBody;
+class CollisionMesh;
+class Physics;
+class p;
+
+// Splits a character's rig into rigid bodies joined by ball joints.
+// Each part collides using the rig triangles skinned mostly to its bones.
+class Ragdoll {
+public:
+    struct Part {
+        t_package transform;     // scale is the part's bounding box, orientation starts at identity
+        p* body = nullptr;
+        CollisionMesh* mesh = nullptr;
+        glm::vec3 restPosition = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+    };
+
+    // rigMatrix is the model matrix the rig was being drawn with
+    Ragdoll(CharacterBody& characterBody, const glm::mat4& rigMatrix, Physics& physics);
+
+    // Call once a frame after the physics steps
+    void Update(float dt);
+
+    // Bone matrices in world space, draw the rig with an identity model matrix
+    std::vector<glm::mat4> GetBoneMatrices() const;
+
+    const std::vector<Part*>& GetParts() const { return parts; }
+
+private:
+    void Reset();
+
+    std::vector<Part*> parts;
+    std::vector<int> boneParts;           // part index of each bone
+    std::vector<glm::mat4> restBones;     // world space bone matrices at the moment of going limp
+    std::vector<glm::mat4> restInverses;  // inverse of each part's starting transform
+    int group = 0;
+    float settleTimer = 0.0f;
+};
+
+#endif

RenderSystem.cpp

@@ -30,11 +30,54 @@ static const float hitboxLineVertices[] = {
 
 static void ConfigurePBR(Shader* shader, Lighting* lighting)
 {
-    shader->Set3F("dirLight.direction", lighting->dirlighting.GetFrontVector());
+    shader->Set3F("dirLight.direction", lighting->sun.direction);
-    shader->Set3F("dirLight.color", glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.97f, 0.92f));
+    shader->Set3F("dirLight.color", lighting->sun.color);
-    shader->Set1F("dirLight.intensity", 3.0f);
+    shader->Set1F("dirLight.intensity", lighting->sun.intensity);
     shader->Set1F("envIntensity", 0.8f);
     shader->SetInt("environmentMap", 2);
+
+    const int directionalCount = glm::min((int)lighting->directionalLights.size(), MAX_DIRECTIONAL_LIGHTS);
+    shader->SetInt("directionalLightCount", directionalCount);
+    for (int i = 0; i < directionalCount; i++) {
+        const DirectionalLight* light = lighting->directionalLights[i];
+        const std::string name = "directionalLights[" + std::to_string(i) + "].";
+        shader->Set3F((name + "direction").c_str(), light->direction);
+        shader->Set3F((name + "color").c_str(), light->color);
+        shader->Set1F((name + "intensity").c_str(), light->intensity);
+    }
+
+    const int pointCount = glm::min((int)lighting->pointLights.size(), MAX_POINT_LIGHTS);
+    shader->SetInt("pointLightCount", pointCount);
+    for (int i = 0; i < pointCount; i++) {
+        const PointLight* light = lighting->pointLights[i];
+        const std::string name = "pointLights[" + std::to_string(i) + "].";
+        shader->Set3F((name + "position").c_str(), light->position);
+        shader->Set3F((name + "color").c_str(), light->color);
+        shader->Set1F((name + "intensity").c_str(), light->intensity);
+        shader->Set1F((name + "radius").c_str(), light->radius);
+        shader->SetInt((name + "shadowTile").c_str(), light->shadowTile);
+    }
+
+    shader->SetInt("localShadowMap", 10);
+    if (!lighting->shadowTileMatrices.empty()) {
+        shader->SetMat4Array("shadowTileMatrices", lighting->shadowTileMatrices.data(),
+            (int)lighting->shadowTileMatrices.size());
+    }
+
+    const int spotCount = glm::min((int)lighting->spotLights.size(), MAX_SPOT_LIGHTS);
+    shader->SetInt("spotLightCount", spotCount);
+    for (int i = 0; i < spotCount; i++) {
+        const SpotLight* light = lighting->spotLights[i];
+        const std::string name = "spotLights[" + std::to_string(i) + "].";
+        shader->Set3F((name + "position").c_str(), light->position);
+        shader->Set3F((name + "direction").c_str(), light->direction);
+        shader->Set3F((name + "color").c_str(), light->color);
+        shader->Set1F((name + "intensity").c_str(), light->intensity);
+        shader->Set1F((name + "radius").c_str(), light->radius);
+        shader->Set1F((name + "innerCos").c_str(), std::cos(glm::radians(light->innerAngle)));
+        shader->Set1F((name + "outerCos").c_str(), std::cos(glm::radians(light->outerAngle)));
+        shader->SetInt((name + "shadowTile").c_str(), light->shadowTile);
+    }
 }
 
 // ============================================================================
@@ -97,7 +140,7 @@ void RenderSystem::Initialize()
     screenfbo->Bind();
     glGenTextures(1, &textureColorbuffer);
     glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureColorbuffer);
-    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, window->width, window->height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, NULL);
+    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA16F, window->width, window->height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, NULL);
     glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
     glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
     glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
@@ -112,6 +155,50 @@ void RenderSystem::Initialize()
         std::cout << "ERROR::FRAMEBUFFER:: Framebuffer is not complete!\n";
     screenfbo->Unbind();
 
+    // G-buffer
+    gBuffer = new FBO();
+    gBuffer->Bind();
+    unsigned int* gTextures[] = { &gPosition, &gNormal, &gAlbedo, &gMaterial, &gDepth };
+    for (unsigned int* texture : gTextures) {
+        glGenTextures(1, texture);
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, *texture);
+        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+    }
+    AllocateGBuffer(window->width, window->height);
+    glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D, gPosition, 0);
+    glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1, GL_TEXTURE_2D, gNormal, 0);
+    glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT2, GL_TEXTURE_2D, gAlbedo, 0);
+    glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT3, GL_TEXTURE_2D, gMaterial, 0);
+    glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT, GL_TEXTURE_2D, gDepth, 0);
+    const GLenum gDrawBuffers[] = { GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT2, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT3 };
+    glDrawBuffers(4, gDrawBuffers);
+
+    if (glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER) != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE)
+        std::cout << "ERROR::FRAMEBUFFER:: G-buffer is not complete!\n";
+    gBuffer->Unbind();
+
+    // Bloom framebuffers, the blur bounces between these two
+    for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+        bloomFBO[i] = new FBO();
+        glGenTextures(1, &bloomTextures[i]);
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, bloomTextures[i]);
+        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
+        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
+        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+    }
+    AllocateBloom(window->width, window->height);
+    for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+        bloomFBO[i]->Bind();
+        glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D, bloomTextures[i], 0);
+        if (glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER) != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE)
+            std::cout << "ERROR::FRAMEBUFFER:: Bloom framebuffer is not complete!\n";
+        bloomFBO[i]->Unbind();
+    }
+
     // Shadow framebuffer
     shadowdepthmapfbo = new FBO();
     SHADOW_RESOLUTION = 4096;
@@ -134,16 +221,88 @@ void RenderSystem::Initialize()
     glReadBuffer(GL_NONE);
     glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
 
+    // Spot and point light shadow atlas. Unit 10 stays reserved for it, so it's only bound here.
+    const int shadowAtlasSize = SHADOW_ATLAS_COLUMNS * SHADOW_ATLAS_TILE_SIZE;
+    localShadowFBO = new FBO();
+    glGenTextures(1, &localShadowAtlas);
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE10);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, localShadowAtlas);
+    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT24, shadowAtlasSize, shadowAtlasSize, 0,
+        GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, GL_FLOAT, NULL);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_COMPARE_MODE, GL_COMPARE_REF_TO_TEXTURE);
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_COMPARE_FUNC, GL_LEQUAL);
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+
+    localShadowFBO->Bind();
+    glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, GL_TEXTURE_2D, localShadowAtlas, 0);
+    glDrawBuffer(GL_NONE);
+    glReadBuffer(GL_NONE);
+    if (glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER) != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE)
+        std::cout << "ERROR::FRAMEBUFFER:: Shadow atlas is not complete!\n";
+    localShadowFBO->Unbind();
+
+    // The shadow map uses compare mode, which can't be read as plain depth without this
+    glGenSamplers(1, &shadowDebugSampler);
+    glSamplerParameteri(shadowDebugSampler, GL_TEXTURE_COMPARE_MODE, GL_NONE);
+    glSamplerParameteri(shadowDebugSampler, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
+    glSamplerParameteri(shadowDebugSampler, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
+
     lighting = new Lighting();
 }
 
+void RenderSystem::AllocateGBuffer(int width, int height)
+{
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gPosition);
+    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA32F, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, NULL);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gNormal);
+    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA16F, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, NULL);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gAlbedo);
+    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA16F, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, NULL);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gMaterial);
+    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA8, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, NULL);
+    // Same format as the screen rbo, the depth blit between them requires it
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gDepth);
+    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_DEPTH24_STENCIL8, width, height, 0, GL_DEPTH_STENCIL, GL_UNSIGNED_INT_24_8, NULL);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+}
+
+// Quarter resolution, the blur reaches much further for the same number of samples
+void RenderSystem::AllocateBloom(int width, int height)
+{
+    bloomWidth = glm::max(width / 4, 1);
+    bloomHeight = glm::max(height / 4, 1);
+    for (unsigned int texture : bloomTextures) {
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);
+        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA16F, bloomWidth, bloomHeight, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, NULL);
+    }
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+}
+
+void RenderSystem::CycleDebugView()
+{
+    static const char* const viewNames[] = { "FINAL", "POSITION", "NORMAL", "ALBEDO", "MATERIAL", "DEPTH", "SHADOW MAP", "BLOOM", "SHADOW ATLAS" };
+    debugView = (debugView + 1) % 9;
+    std::cout << "DEBUG VIEW: " << viewNames[debugView] << "\n";
+}
+
 void RenderSystem::Resize(int width, int height)
 {
-    if (!screenfbo || textureColorbuffer == 0 || rbo == 0 || width <= 0 || height <= 0)
+    if (!screenfbo || !gBuffer || !bloomFBO[0] || textureColorbuffer == 0 || rbo == 0 || width <= 0 || height <= 0)
         return;
 
+    AllocateBloom(width, height);
+    AllocateGBuffer(width, height);
+    gBuffer->Bind();
+    if (glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER) != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE)
+        std::cout << "ERROR::FRAMEBUFFER:: G-buffer is not complete after resize!\n";
+    gBuffer->Unbind();
+
     glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureColorbuffer);
-    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, NULL);
+    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA16F, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, NULL);
     glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
 
     glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, rbo);
@@ -226,7 +385,7 @@ void RenderSystem::RenderTranslucent(Camera& camera, const glm::mat4& lightSpace
 // ============================================================================
 void RenderSystem::Render(Camera& camera)
 {
-    lighting->dirlighting.RotateByEulerAngles({ glm::radians(0.05f), 0.0f, 0.0f });
+    lighting->sun.direction = glm::normalize(glm::quat(glm::vec3(glm::radians(0.05f), 0.0f, 0.0f)) * lighting->sun.direction);
 
     const glm::mat4 proj = camera.GetProjectionMatrix(0.05f, 2000.0f);
     const glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
@@ -235,7 +394,7 @@ void RenderSystem::Render(Camera& camera)
     const float near_plane = 0.1f, far_plane = 100.0f;
     const glm::mat4 lightSpaceMatrix =
         glm::ortho(-32.0f, 32.0f, -32.0f, 32.0f, near_plane, far_plane)
-        * glm::lookAt(camPos - lighting->dirlighting.GetFrontVector() * 10.0f,
+        * glm::lookAt(camPos - lighting->sun.direction * 10.0f,
             camPos, camera.t.GetUpVector());
 
     // ---- Shadow pass ----
@@ -245,32 +404,29 @@ void RenderSystem::Render(Camera& camera)
     shadowdepthmapfbo->Bind();
     glClear(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
 
-    MeshShadowShader->Activate();
+    if (graphics.shadows)
-    MeshShadowShader->SetMat4("lightSpaceMatrix", lightSpaceMatrix);
+        RenderShadowCasters(lightSpaceMatrix);   // with nothing drawn, the cleared map leaves everything lit
-    for (Renderable* r : renderables) {
+    RenderLocalShadows();
-        if (!r->castshadow || r->shadertype != Renderable::MeshShader) continue;
-        r->Render(*MeshShadowShader);
-    }
-
-    RigShadowShader->Activate();
-    RigShadowShader->SetMat4("lightSpaceMatrix", lightSpaceMatrix);
-    for (Renderable* r : renderables) {
-        if (!r->castshadow || r->shadertype != Renderable::RigShader) continue;
-        r->Render(*RigShadowShader);
-    }
 
     glCullFace(GL_BACK);
 
-    // ---- Main scene ----
+    // ---- Geometry pass ----
-    screenfbo->Bind();
+    RenderGeometryPass(proj, view, camPos);
-    glViewport(0, 0, window->width, window->height);
-    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
-    glClearColor(212.f / 255.f, 223.f / 255.f, 232.f / 255.f, 1.0f);
-    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
 
-    // Skybox
+    // ---- Main scene ----
+    // Translucents and hitboxes are still forward, they depth test against the G-buffer's depth
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER, gBuffer->ID);
+    glBindFramebuffer(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, screenfbo->ID);
+    glBlitFramebuffer(0, 0, window->width, window->height, 0, 0, window->width, window->height,
+        GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT, GL_NEAREST);
+    screenfbo->Bind();
+    glClearColor(212.f / 255.f, 223.f / 255.f, 232.f / 255.f, 1.0f);
+    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
+
+    // Skybox, depth tested so nothing covered by geometry gets shaded
     glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
-    glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+    glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL);
+    glDepthMask(GL_FALSE);
     SkyboxShader->Activate();
     SkyboxShader->SetMat4("proj", proj);
     SkyboxShader->SetMat4("view", glm::mat4(glm::mat3(view)));
@@ -279,28 +435,14 @@ void RenderSystem::Render(Camera& camera)
     skybox->Bind();
     glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
     glBindVertexArray(0);
+    glDepthMask(GL_TRUE);
+    glDepthFunc(GL_LESS);
+
+    // ---- Lighting pass ----
+    glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+    RenderLightingPass(camPos, lightSpaceMatrix);
     glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
 
-    // ---- Opaque meshes ----
-    PrepareMeshShader(camera);
-    MeshShader->SetMat4("lightSpaceMatrix", lightSpaceMatrix);
-    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
-    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, depthMaptexture);
-    for (Renderable* r : renderables) {
-        if (r->shadertype == Renderable::MeshShader && r->opaque)
-            r->Render(*MeshShader);
-    }
-
-    // ---- Opaque rigs ----
-    PrepareRigShader(camera);
-    RigShader->SetMat4("lightSpaceMatrix", lightSpaceMatrix);
-    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
-    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, depthMaptexture);
-    for (Renderable* r : renderables) {
-        if (r->shadertype == Renderable::RigShader && r->opaque)
-            r->Render(*RigShader);
-    }
-
     // ---- Translucent pass (meshes + particles + rigs, sorted back-to-front) ----
     // Disable face culling so thin translucent quads render both sides
     glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE);
@@ -309,17 +451,33 @@ void RenderSystem::Render(Camera& camera)
 
     RenderHitboxDebug(camera);
 
-    // ---- Framebuffer blit to screen ----
+    // ---- Bloom ----
-    screenfbo->Unbind();
     glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+    if (graphics.bloom)
+        RenderBloom();
+    else
+        screenfbo->Unbind();
+
+    // ---- Framebuffer blit to screen ----
+    glViewport(0, 0, window->width, window->height);
     glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
     glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
-    ScreenShader->Activate();
+    if (debugView == 0) {
-    ScreenShader->Set1F("exposure", 1.0f);
+        ScreenShader->Activate();
-    quadVAO->Bind();
+        ScreenShader->Set1F("exposure", 1.0f);
-    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+        ScreenShader->Set1F("bloomStrength", graphics.bloom ? 0.6f : 0.0f);
-    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureColorbuffer);
+        ScreenShader->SetInt("screenTexture", 0);
-    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
+        ScreenShader->SetInt("bloomTexture", 1);
+        quadVAO->Bind();
+        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, bloomTextures[0]);
+        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureColorbuffer);
+        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
+    }
+    else {
+        RenderDebugView();
+    }
 
     // ---- GUI (always on top, no depth) ----
     glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE);
@@ -347,6 +505,309 @@ void RenderSystem::Render(Camera& camera)
     glfwSwapBuffers(window->handle);
 }
 
+// ============================================================================
+// Deferred passes
+// ============================================================================
+void RenderSystem::RenderGeometryPass(const glm::mat4& proj, const glm::mat4& view, const glm::vec3& camPos)
+{
+    gBuffer->Bind();
+    glViewport(0, 0, window->width, window->height);
+    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+    glDisable(GL_BLEND);   // the attachments store data in alpha, blending would corrupt them
+    glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+
+    // Frustum planes as (normal, distance), pulled straight out of the view projection matrix
+    const glm::mat4 viewProjection = proj * view;
+    glm::vec4 frustum[6];
+    for (int axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++) {
+        const glm::vec4 row(viewProjection[0][axis], viewProjection[1][axis], viewProjection[2][axis], viewProjection[3][axis]);
+        const glm::vec4 last(viewProjection[0][3], viewProjection[1][3], viewProjection[2][3], viewProjection[3][3]);
+        frustum[axis * 2] = last + row;
+        frustum[axis * 2 + 1] = last - row;
+    }
+    occlusionCandidates.clear();
+
+    GeometryShader->Activate();
+    GeometryShader->SetMat4("proj", proj);
+    GeometryShader->SetMat4("view", view);
+    for (Renderable* r : renderables) {
+        if (r->shadertype == Renderable::MeshShader && r->opaque && IsVisible(r, frustum, camPos))
+            r->Render(*GeometryShader);
+    }
+
+    GeometryRigShader->Activate();
+    GeometryRigShader->SetMat4("proj", proj);
+    GeometryRigShader->SetMat4("view", view);
+    for (Renderable* r : renderables) {
+        if (r->shadertype == Renderable::RigShader && r->opaque && IsVisible(r, frustum, camPos))
+            r->Render(*GeometryRigShader);
+    }
+
+    IssueOcclusionQueries(proj, view);
+    glEnable(GL_BLEND);
+}
+
+// Bounds padding, so a box sitting exactly on its object's surface can't fail its own depth test
+static constexpr float OCCLUSION_PADDING = 0.05f;
+
+bool RenderSystem::IsVisible(Renderable* r, const glm::vec4 (&frustum)[6], const glm::vec3& camPos)
+{
+    BoundingBox bounds;
+    if (!graphics.culling || !r->GetWorldBounds(bounds)) {
+        r->occluded = false;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // Frustum: outside if the corner furthest along a plane's normal is still behind it
+    for (const glm::vec4& plane : frustum) {
+        const glm::vec3 normal(plane);
+        const glm::vec3 furthest(
+            normal.x >= 0.0f ? bounds.max.x : bounds.min.x,
+            normal.y >= 0.0f ? bounds.max.y : bounds.min.y,
+            normal.z >= 0.0f ? bounds.max.z : bounds.min.z);
+        if (glm::dot(normal, furthest) + plane.w < 0.0f) {
+            r->occluded = false;   // so it draws straight away when it comes back into view
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Only use an answer the GPU already has, waiting for one would stall the frame
+    if (r->occlusionPending) {
+        GLuint available = 0;
+        glGetQueryObjectuiv(r->occlusionQuery, GL_QUERY_RESULT_AVAILABLE, &available);
+        if (available) {
+            GLuint samplesPassed = 0;
+            glGetQueryObjectuiv(r->occlusionQuery, GL_QUERY_RESULT, &samplesPassed);
+            r->occluded = samplesPassed == 0;
+            r->occlusionPending = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // The query box can't be seen from inside it, so never trust it then
+    const glm::vec3 padding(OCCLUSION_PADDING * 2.0f);
+    if (glm::all(glm::greaterThan(camPos, bounds.min - padding)) && glm::all(glm::lessThan(camPos, bounds.max + padding)))
+        r->occluded = false;
+
+    occlusionCandidates.push_back(r);
+    return !r->occluded;
+}
+
+// Draws each candidate's box against this frame's depth, colour and depth writes off.
+// The results get used next frame.
+void RenderSystem::IssueOcclusionQueries(const glm::mat4& proj, const glm::mat4& view)
+{
+    if (occlusionCandidates.empty())
+        return;
+
+    glColorMask(GL_FALSE, GL_FALSE, GL_FALSE, GL_FALSE);
+    glDepthMask(GL_FALSE);
+    glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE);   // the skybox cube faces inward
+
+    HitboxShader->Activate();
+    HitboxShader->SetMat4("proj", proj);
+    HitboxShader->SetMat4("view", view);
+    skyboxVAO->Bind();
+
+    for (Renderable* r : occlusionCandidates) {
+        if (r->occlusionPending)
+            continue;
+
+        BoundingBox bounds;
+        r->GetWorldBounds(bounds);
+        const glm::vec3 center = (bounds.min + bounds.max) * 0.5f;
+        const glm::vec3 halfSize = (bounds.max - bounds.min) * 0.5f + glm::vec3(OCCLUSION_PADDING);
+
+        if (r->occlusionQuery == 0)
+            glGenQueries(1, &r->occlusionQuery);
+
+        // The skybox cube runs from -1 to 1, so half size is the scale
+        HitboxShader->SetMat4("modl", glm::scale(glm::translate(glm::mat4(1.0f), center), halfSize));
+        glBeginQuery(GL_ANY_SAMPLES_PASSED, r->occlusionQuery);
+        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
+        glEndQuery(GL_ANY_SAMPLES_PASSED);
+        r->occlusionPending = true;
+    }
+
+    glBindVertexArray(0);
+    glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
+    glDepthMask(GL_TRUE);
+    glColorMask(GL_TRUE, GL_TRUE, GL_TRUE, GL_TRUE);
+}
+
+void RenderSystem::RenderShadowCasters(const glm::mat4& lightSpaceMatrix)
+{
+    MeshShadowShader->Activate();
+    MeshShadowShader->SetMat4("lightSpaceMatrix", lightSpaceMatrix);
+    for (Renderable* r : renderables) {
+        if (!r->castshadow || r->shadertype != Renderable::MeshShader) continue;
+        r->Render(*MeshShadowShader);
+    }
+
+    RigShadowShader->Activate();
+    RigShadowShader->SetMat4("lightSpaceMatrix", lightSpaceMatrix);
+    for (Renderable* r : renderables) {
+        if (!r->castshadow || r->shadertype != Renderable::RigShader) continue;
+        r->Render(*RigShadowShader);
+    }
+}
+
+// Draws the casters from each spot and point light into its tiles of the atlas
+void RenderSystem::RenderLocalShadows()
+{
+    static constexpr float nearPlane = 0.2f;
+
+    std::vector<glm::mat4>& tiles = lighting->shadowTileMatrices;
+    tiles.clear();
+
+    if (!graphics.lightShadows) {
+        for (SpotLight* light : lighting->spotLights)
+            light->shadowTile = -1;
+        for (PointLight* light : lighting->pointLights)
+            light->shadowTile = -1;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    localShadowFBO->Bind();
+    glClear(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
+    glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+
+    auto RenderTile = [&](const glm::mat4& matrix) {
+        const int index = (int)tiles.size();
+        const int x = (index % SHADOW_ATLAS_COLUMNS) * SHADOW_ATLAS_TILE_SIZE;
+        const int y = (index / SHADOW_ATLAS_COLUMNS) * SHADOW_ATLAS_TILE_SIZE;
+        glViewport(x, y, SHADOW_ATLAS_TILE_SIZE, SHADOW_ATLAS_TILE_SIZE);
+        glScissor(x, y, SHADOW_ATLAS_TILE_SIZE, SHADOW_ATLAS_TILE_SIZE);
+        RenderShadowCasters(matrix);
+        tiles.push_back(matrix);
+    };
+
+    for (SpotLight* light : lighting->spotLights) {
+        light->shadowTile = -1;
+        if (!light->castShadow || (int)tiles.size() >= SHADOW_ATLAS_TILES)
+            continue;
+
+        light->shadowTile = (int)tiles.size();
+        const glm::vec3 up = glm::abs(light->direction.y) > 0.99f ? glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f) : glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
+        RenderTile(glm::perspective(glm::radians(light->outerAngle * 2.0f + 2.0f), 1.0f, nearPlane, light->radius)
+            * glm::lookAt(light->position, light->position + light->direction, up));
+    }
+
+    // Order has to match PointShadowFace in the shaders. Slightly over 90 degrees so the faces overlap at the seams.
+    static const glm::vec3 faceDirections[6] = {
+        { 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f }, { -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f }, { 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f },
+        { 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f }, { 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f }, { 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f }
+    };
+    static const glm::vec3 faceUps[6] = {
+        { 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f }, { 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f }, { 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f },
+        { 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f }, { 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f }, { 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f }
+    };
+
+    for (PointLight* light : lighting->pointLights) {
+        light->shadowTile = -1;
+        if (!light->castShadow || (int)tiles.size() + 6 > SHADOW_ATLAS_TILES)
+            continue;
+
+        light->shadowTile = (int)tiles.size();
+        const glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(92.0f), 1.0f, nearPlane, light->radius);
+        for (int face = 0; face < 6; face++)
+            RenderTile(projection * glm::lookAt(light->position, light->position + faceDirections[face], faceUps[face]));
+    }
+
+    glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+    localShadowFBO->Unbind();
+}
+
+// Leaves the finished glow in bloomTextures[0] and the default framebuffer bound
+void RenderSystem::RenderBloom()
+{
+    static constexpr int blurPasses = 8;   // has to stay even, or the result ends up in bloomTextures[1]
+
+    glDisable(GL_BLEND);
+    glViewport(0, 0, bloomWidth, bloomHeight);
+    quadVAO->Bind();
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+
+    bloomFBO[0]->Bind();
+    BloomExtractShader->Activate();
+    BloomExtractShader->SetInt("screenTexture", 0);
+    BloomExtractShader->Set1F("threshold", 1.8f);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureColorbuffer);
+    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
+
+    BloomBlurShader->Activate();
+    BloomBlurShader->SetInt("image", 0);
+    for (int pass = 0; pass < blurPasses; pass++) {
+        const int source = pass % 2;
+        bloomFBO[1 - source]->Bind();
+        BloomBlurShader->SetInt("horizontal", source == 0 ? 1 : 0);
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, bloomTextures[source]);
+        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
+    }
+
+    bloomFBO[0]->Unbind();
+    glEnable(GL_BLEND);
+}
+
+// Units 0 and 2 stay the shadow map and environment map, same as the forward shaders
+void RenderSystem::BindGBufferTextures(Shader* shader)
+{
+    shader->SetInt("gPosition", 3);
+    shader->SetInt("gNormal", 4);
+    shader->SetInt("gAlbedo", 5);
+    shader->SetInt("gMaterial", 6);
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE3);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gPosition);
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE4);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gNormal);
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE5);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gAlbedo);
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE6);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gMaterial);
+}
+
+// Expects depth testing off, the fullscreen quad shouldn't touch the depth buffer
+void RenderSystem::RenderLightingPass(const glm::vec3& camPos, const glm::mat4& lightSpaceMatrix)
+{
+    DeferredLightingShader->Activate();
+    DeferredLightingShader->Set3F("viewPos", camPos);
+    DeferredLightingShader->SetMat4("lightSpaceMatrix", lightSpaceMatrix);
+    DeferredLightingShader->SetInt("shadowMap", 0);
+    ConfigurePBR(DeferredLightingShader, lighting);
+    BindGBufferTextures(DeferredLightingShader);
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE2);
+    skybox->Bind();
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, depthMaptexture);
+    quadVAO->Bind();
+    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
+    glBindVertexArray(0);
+}
+
+void RenderSystem::RenderDebugView()
+{
+    GBufferDebugShader->Activate();
+    const bool showAtlas = debugView == 8;   // reuses the shadow map view
+    GBufferDebugShader->SetInt("debugMode", showAtlas ? 6 : debugView);
+    GBufferDebugShader->Set1F("nearPlane", 0.05f);
+    GBufferDebugShader->Set1F("farPlane", 2000.0f);
+    BindGBufferTextures(GBufferDebugShader);
+    GBufferDebugShader->SetInt("depthTex", 7);
+    GBufferDebugShader->SetInt("shadowTex", 8);
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE7);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gDepth);
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE8);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, showAtlas ? localShadowAtlas : depthMaptexture);
+    glBindSampler(8, shadowDebugSampler);
+    GBufferDebugShader->SetInt("bloomTex", 9);
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE9);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, bloomTextures[0]);
+    quadVAO->Bind();
+    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
+    glBindSampler(8, 0);
+    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+}
+
 // ============================================================================
 // Shader preparation helpers
 // ============================================================================
@@ -438,6 +899,8 @@ Renderable::Renderable() {}
 
 Renderable::~Renderable()
 {
+    if (occlusionQuery != 0)
+        glDeleteQueries(1, &occlusionQuery);
     engine->rendersystem->RemoveRenderable(this);
 }
 

RenderSystem.h

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 #include <map>
 #include <glm/glm.hpp>
+#include "Structures.h"
 const float skyboxVertices[] = {
     -1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,
      1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,
@@ -43,7 +44,23 @@ public:
     void BindToRenderSystem();
     virtual void Render(Shader& ShaderProgram) {}
     virtual glm::vec3 GetWorldPosition() const { return glm::vec3(0.0f); }
+
+    // A world space box around everything this draws. Without one it's never culled.
+    virtual bool GetWorldBounds(BoundingBox& bounds) const { return false; }
+
+    // Occlusion culling state, only the render system touches these
+    unsigned int occlusionQuery = 0;
+    bool occlusionPending = false;   // a query was sent and hasn't been read back yet
+    bool occluded = false;           // the last answered query saw none of it
 };
+struct GraphicsSettings {
+    bool bloom = true;
+    bool shadows = true;        // the sun's shadow map
+    bool lightShadows = true;   // spot and point light shadows
+    bool vsync = true;
+    bool culling = true;        // frustum and occlusion culling for opaque meshes and characters
+};
+
 struct HitboxDebugLine {
     glm::mat4 transform;
     glm::vec3 color;
@@ -52,8 +69,23 @@ struct HitboxDebugLine {
 class RenderSystem {
 public:
     Lighting* lighting = nullptr;
+    GraphicsSettings graphics;
     FBO* screenfbo = nullptr;
     FBO* shadowdepthmapfbo = nullptr;
+    FBO* gBuffer = nullptr;
+    unsigned int gPosition = 0;
+    unsigned int gNormal = 0;
+    unsigned int gAlbedo = 0;
+    unsigned int gMaterial = 0;
+    unsigned int gDepth = 0;
+    unsigned int shadowDebugSampler = 0;
+    FBO* localShadowFBO = nullptr;
+    unsigned int localShadowAtlas = 0;
+    FBO* bloomFBO[2] = { nullptr, nullptr };
+    unsigned int bloomTextures[2] = { 0, 0 };
+    int bloomWidth = 0;
+    int bloomHeight = 0;
+    int debugView = 0;  // 0 = final image, otherwise a debugMode in gbuffer_debug.frag
     unsigned int depthMaptexture = 0;
     unsigned int textureColorbuffer = 0;
     unsigned int rbo = 0;
@@ -66,6 +98,12 @@ public:
     Shader* ScreenShader = nullptr;
     Shader* RigShader = nullptr;
     Shader* MeshShader = nullptr;
+    Shader* GeometryShader = nullptr;
+    Shader* GeometryRigShader = nullptr;
+    Shader* DeferredLightingShader = nullptr;
+    Shader* GBufferDebugShader = nullptr;
+    Shader* BloomExtractShader = nullptr;
+    Shader* BloomBlurShader = nullptr;
     Shader* ImageBoxShader = nullptr;
     Shader* BoxShader = nullptr;
     Shader* Text2DShader = nullptr;
@@ -79,6 +117,7 @@ public:
     void Initialize();
     void Resize(int width, int height);
     void Render(Camera& camera);
+    void CycleDebugView();
     void SetHitboxDebugLines(const std::vector<HitboxDebugLine>& lines) { hitboxDebugLines = lines; }
     void AddRenderable(Renderable* r) { renderables.push_back(r); }
     void RemoveRenderable(Renderable* r) {
@@ -98,5 +137,17 @@ private:
     void PrepareTextShader(Camera& camera);
     void RenderTranslucent(Camera& camera, const glm::mat4& lightSpaceMatrix, const glm::vec3& camPos);
     void RenderHitboxDebug(Camera& camera);
+    void AllocateGBuffer(int width, int height);
+    void AllocateBloom(int width, int height);
+    void RenderBloom();
+    void RenderShadowCasters(const glm::mat4& lightSpaceMatrix);
+    void RenderLocalShadows();
+    void BindGBufferTextures(Shader* shader);
+    void RenderGeometryPass(const glm::mat4& proj, const glm::mat4& view, const glm::vec3& camPos);
+    bool IsVisible(Renderable* r, const glm::vec4 (&frustum)[6], const glm::vec3& camPos);
+    void IssueOcclusionQueries(const glm::mat4& proj, const glm::mat4& view);
+    std::vector<Renderable*> occlusionCandidates;   // drawn into the queries after the geometry pass
+    void RenderLightingPass(const glm::vec3& camPos, const glm::mat4& lightSpaceMatrix);
+    void RenderDebugView();
 };
 #endif

ResourceManager.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#include "ResourceManager.h"
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+#include "texture.h"
+#include "font.h"
+
+ResourceManager::~ResourceManager()
+{
+	for (auto& [path, texture] : textures) {
+		if (!texture) continue;
+		texture->Delete();
+		delete texture;
+	}
+	for (Texture* texture : createdTextures) {
+		texture->Delete();
+		delete texture;
+	}
+	for (auto& [path, font] : fonts)
+		delete font;
+}
+
+Texture* ResourceManager::CreateTexture(int width, int height)
+{
+	createdTextures.push_back(new Texture(width, height));
+	return createdTextures.back();
+}
+
+Texture* ResourceManager::CopyTexture(const Texture& source)
+{
+	createdTextures.push_back(new Texture(source));
+	return createdTextures.back();
+}
+
+// Failed loads are cached as nullptr too, so a missing file only gets reported once
+Texture* ResourceManager::GetTexture(const std::string& path)
+{
+	auto existing = textures.find(path);
+	if (existing != textures.end())
+		return existing->second;
+
+	Texture* texture = nullptr;
+	try {
+		texture = new Texture(path.c_str());
+	}
+	catch (const std::exception& error) {
+		std::cout << "RESOURCE MANAGER: " << error.what() << "\n";
+	}
+	textures[path] = texture;
+	return texture;
+}
+
+Font* ResourceManager::GetFont(const std::string& path)
+{
+	auto existing = fonts.find(path);
+	if (existing != fonts.end())
+		return existing->second;
+
+	Font* font = nullptr;
+	try {
+		font = new Font(path.c_str());
+	}
+	catch (const std::exception& error) {
+		std::cout << "RESOURCE MANAGER: " << error.what() << ": " << path << "\n";
+	}
+	fonts[path] = font;
+	return font;
+}

ResourceManager.h

@@ -1,20 +1,33 @@
 #ifndef RESOURCE_MANAGER_CLASS
 #define RESOURCE_MANAGER_CLASS
 
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "Folder.h"
+class Texture;
-//#include "font.h"
+class Font;
-#include "Model.h"
-#include "SoundSystem.h"
 
+// Owns every texture and font, so each file only loads once however many things use it.
+// Sounds are cached by SoundSystem, rigs and animations by CharacterManager.
 class ResourceManager {
 public:
-	//std::vector<Font*> fonts;
+	ResourceManager() {}
-	std::vector<Model*> models;
+	~ResourceManager();   // needs the GL context, delete this before the window
-	std::vector<SoundData*> sounds;
+	ResourceManager(const ResourceManager&) = delete;
-public:
 
+	// Returns nullptr and logs it if the file can't be loaded
+	Texture* GetTexture(const std::string& path);
+	Font* GetFont(const std::string& path);
+
+	// Not cached, every call makes a new texture that's free to be edited
+	Texture* CreateTexture(int width, int height);
+	Texture* CopyTexture(const Texture& source);
+
+private:
+	std::unordered_map<std::string, Texture*> textures;
+	std::unordered_map<std::string, Font*> fonts;
+	std::vector<Texture*> createdTextures;
 };
 
 #endif

SurfaceTexture.h

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#ifndef SURFACE_TEXTURE_CLASS
+#define SURFACE_TEXTURE_CLASS
+
+#include <glm/glm.hpp>
+
+#include "shaderClass.h"
+#include "texture.h"
+
+// How one game element wears a texture. Texture is the shared image, this is per element,
+// so the same image can be stretched on one thing and tiled on another.
+class SurfaceTexture {
+public:
+    enum class Mode {
+        Stretch,   // the image fills each face once, whatever size it is
+        Tile       // the image repeats every tileSize, so it keeps its size as the element grows
+    };
+
+    Texture* texture = nullptr;
+    Mode mode = Mode::Stretch;
+    float tileSize = 1.0f;                  // world units on meshes, pixels on gui
+    glm::vec2 offset = glm::vec2(0.0f);     // slides the image, in repeats of it
+
+    SurfaceTexture() {}
+
+    static SurfaceTexture Stretched(Texture* texture) {
+        SurfaceTexture surface;
+        surface.texture = texture;
+        return surface;
+    }
+
+    static SurfaceTexture Tiled(Texture* texture, float tileSize) {
+        SurfaceTexture surface;
+        surface.texture = texture;
+        surface.mode = Mode::Tile;
+        surface.tileSize = tileSize;
+        return surface;
+    }
+
+    // Binds the image and sets the uv uniforms. size is the element's size, with the shader active.
+    void Apply(Shader& shader, GLuint unit, const glm::vec3& size) const {
+        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + unit);
+        shader.SetInt("tex", unit);
+        if (texture == nullptr) {
+            glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+            shader.SetInt("useTexture", 0);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture->ID);
+        shader.SetInt("useTexture", 1);
+        shader.SetInt("uvMode", mode == Mode::Tile ? 1 : 0);
+        shader.Set3F("tileScale", size / glm::max(tileSize, 0.0001f));
+        shader.Set2F("uvOffset", offset);
+    }
+};
+
+#endif

TexturePainter.h

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+#ifndef TEXTURE_PAINTER_CLASS
+#define TEXTURE_PAINTER_CLASS
+
+#include <cmath>
+
+#include <glm/glm.hpp>
+
+#include "texture.h"
+
+// The brush behind the texture drawer. Edits a Texture's pixels and uploads them.
+class TexturePainter {
+public:
+    glm::vec3 color = glm::vec3(0.0f);
+    int brushSize = 8;   // radius in pixels of a 256 wide texture, so it looks the same on any size
+
+    // uv runs 0-1 from the top left of the image. Joins up with the last call until EndStroke.
+    void Stroke(Texture& texture, const glm::vec2& uv) {
+        const glm::vec2 point(uv.x * texture.width, (1.0f - uv.y) * texture.height);
+        const float radius = glm::max(1.0f, brushSize * texture.width / 256.0f);
+
+        if (!stroking) {
+            Stamp(texture, point, radius);
+        }
+        else {
+            // Fill the gap, the mouse can cross a lot of pixels in one frame
+            const int steps = (int)std::ceil(glm::length(point - lastPoint) / (radius * 0.5f));
+            for (int i = 1; i <= steps; i++)
+                Stamp(texture, glm::mix(lastPoint, point, (float)i / (float)steps), radius);
+        }
+
+        stroking = true;
+        lastPoint = point;
+        texture.Upload();
+    }
+
+    void EndStroke() {
+        stroking = false;
+    }
+
+    void Clear(Texture& texture) {
+        texture.pixels.assign(texture.pixels.size(), 255);
+        texture.Upload();
+    }
+
+private:
+    bool stroking = false;
+    glm::vec2 lastPoint = glm::vec2(0.0f);
+
+    void Stamp(Texture& texture, const glm::vec2& center, float radius) {
+        const int minX = glm::max((int)(center.x - radius), 0);
+        const int maxX = glm::min((int)(center.x + radius), texture.width - 1);
+        const int minY = glm::max((int)(center.y - radius), 0);
+        const int maxY = glm::min((int)(center.y + radius), texture.height - 1);
+
+        for (int y = minY; y <= maxY; y++) {
+            for (int x = minX; x <= maxX; x++) {
+                const glm::vec2 offset = glm::vec2(x + 0.5f, y + 0.5f) - center;
+                if (glm::dot(offset, offset) > radius * radius)
+                    continue;
+
+                unsigned char* pixel = &texture.pixels[((size_t)y * texture.width + x) * 4];
+                pixel[0] = (unsigned char)(color.r * 255.0f);
+                pixel[1] = (unsigned char)(color.g * 255.0f);
+                pixel[2] = (unsigned char)(color.b * 255.0f);
+                pixel[3] = 255;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+#endif

eiifwhrn.vcxproj

@@ -166,15 +166,17 @@
   <ItemGroup>
     <ClCompile Include="Character.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="CharacterManager.cpp" />
+    <ClCompile Include="CollisionMesh.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="Cubemap.h" />
     <ClCompile Include="EBO.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="Engine.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="glad.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="main.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="Mouse.cpp" />
-    <ClCompile Include="Net.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="Physics.cpp" />
+    <ClCompile Include="Ragdoll.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="RenderSystem.cpp" />
+    <ClCompile Include="ResourceManager.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="shaderClass.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="Sound.cpp" />
     <ClCompile Include="SoundSystem.cpp" />
@@ -188,18 +190,20 @@
     <ClInclude Include="BodyComponentActions.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="Character.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="CharacterManager.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="CollisionMesh.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="common.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="DefaultBodyComponents.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="Engine.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="Folder.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="font.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="Gui.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="Light.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="Lighting.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="MeshData.h" />
-    <ClInclude Include="Net.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="Particle.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="Physics.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="QuadVertices.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="Ragdoll.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="RenderSystem.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="ResourceManager.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="Rig.h" />
@@ -218,6 +222,8 @@
     <ClInclude Include="Object.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="shaderClass.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="SoundSystem.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="SurfaceTexture.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="TexturePainter.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="stb_image.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="t.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="t2d.h" />
@@ -231,12 +237,16 @@
   <ItemGroup>
     <None Include="shaders\2DText.frag" />
     <None Include="shaders\2DText.vert" />
+    <None Include="shaders\bloom_blur.frag" />
+    <None Include="shaders\bloom_extract.frag" />
     <None Include="shaders\Box.frag" />
     <None Include="shaders\Box.vert" />
     <None Include="shaders\default.frag" />
     <None Include="shaders\default.vert" />
     <None Include="shaders\deferred_lighting.frag" />
     <None Include="shaders\deferred_lighting.vert" />
+    <None Include="shaders\gbuffer_debug.frag" />
+    <None Include="shaders\gbuffer_debug.vert" />
     <None Include="shaders\geometry.frag" />
     <None Include="shaders\geometry.vert" />
     <None Include="shaders\geometry_rig.vert" />

eiifwhrn.vcxproj.filters

@@ -43,6 +43,15 @@
     <ClCompile Include="Physics.cpp">
       <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
     </ClCompile>
+    <ClCompile Include="CollisionMesh.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
+    </ClCompile>
+    <ClCompile Include="Ragdoll.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
+    </ClCompile>
+    <ClCompile Include="ResourceManager.cpp">
+      <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
+    </ClCompile>
     <ClCompile Include="Sound.cpp">
       <Filter>Source Files</Filter>
     </ClCompile>
@@ -120,6 +129,18 @@
     <ClInclude Include="Physics.h">
       <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
     </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="CollisionMesh.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="Ragdoll.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="SurfaceTexture.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="TexturePainter.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
     <ClInclude Include="Gui.h">
       <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
     </ClInclude>
@@ -162,6 +183,9 @@
     <ClInclude Include="MeshData.h">
       <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
     </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="Light.h">
+      <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
     <ClInclude Include="Lighting.h">
       <Filter>Header Files</Filter>
     </ClInclude>
@@ -205,6 +229,18 @@
     <None Include="shaders\deferred_lighting.frag">
       <Filter>Shaders</Filter>
     </None>
+    <None Include="shaders\gbuffer_debug.frag">
+      <Filter>Shaders</Filter>
+    </None>
+    <None Include="shaders\bloom_blur.frag">
+      <Filter>Shaders</Filter>
+    </None>
+    <None Include="shaders\bloom_extract.frag">
+      <Filter>Shaders</Filter>
+    </None>
+    <None Include="shaders\gbuffer_debug.vert">
+      <Filter>Shaders</Filter>
+    </None>
     <None Include="shaders\deferred_lighting.vert">
       <Filter>Shaders</Filter>
     </None>

main.cpp

@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@ int main() {
     engine->Initiate();
     
     std::cout << "engine stopped\n";
+    delete resourcemanager;
     delete window;
     delete mouse;
     delete keyboard;

shaderClass.h

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include<glm/glm.hpp>
 
 #include<string>
+#include<unordered_map>
 #include<fstream>
 #include  <sstream>
 #include <iostream>
@@ -19,35 +20,49 @@ public:
 	Shader(const char* vertexFile, const char* fragFile);
 	
 	void Set1F(const char* uniform, float value) {
-		GLint location = glGetUniformLocation(Shader::ID, uniform);
+		glUniform1f(GetLocation(uniform), value);
-		glUniform1f(location, value);
 	};
 
 	void Set2F(const char* uniform, glm::vec2 value) {
-		GLint location = glGetUniformLocation(Shader::ID, uniform);
+		glUniform2f(GetLocation(uniform), value.x,value.y);
-		glUniform2f(location, value.x,value.y);
 	};
 
 	void Set3F(const char* uniform, glm::vec3 value) {
-		GLint location = glGetUniformLocation(Shader::ID, uniform);
+		glUniform3f(GetLocation(uniform), value.x,value.y,value.z);
-		glUniform3f(location, value.x,value.y,value.z);
 	};
 	void Set4F(const char* uniform, glm::vec4 value) {
-		GLint location = glGetUniformLocation(Shader::ID, uniform);
+		glUniform4f(GetLocation(uniform), value.x, value.y, value.z, value.w);
-		glUniform4f(location, value.x, value.y, value.z, value.w);
 	};
 	void SetMat4(const char* uniform, glm::mat4 value) {
-		GLint location = glGetUniformLocation(Shader::ID, uniform);
+		glUniformMatrix4fv(GetLocation(uniform),1,GL_FALSE,&value[0][0]);
-		glUniformMatrix4fv(location,1,GL_FALSE,&value[0][0]);
+	};
+
+	// Uploads a whole uniform array in one call
+	void SetMat4Array(const char* uniform, const glm::mat4* values, int count) {
+		glUniformMatrix4fv(GetLocation(uniform),count,GL_FALSE,&values[0][0][0]);
 	};
 
 	void SetInt(const char* uniform, GLuint value) {
-		GLint location = glGetUniformLocation(Shader::ID, uniform);
+		glUniform1i(GetLocation(uniform), value);
-		glUniform1i(location, value);
 	};
 
 	void Activate();
 	void Delete();
+
+private:
+	// Asking the driver is slow and locations never change once linked.
+	// Uniforms the shader doesn't have cache as -1, which glUniform ignores.
+	GLint GetLocation(const char* uniform) {
+		auto existing = uniformLocations.find(uniform);
+		if (existing != uniformLocations.end())
+			return existing->second;
+
+		GLint location = glGetUniformLocation(ID, uniform);
+		uniformLocations.emplace(uniform, location);
+		return location;
+	}
+
+	std::unordered_map<std::string, GLint> uniformLocations;
 };
 
 #endif

shaders/Box.frag

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ uniform vec2 pixelScale;
 uniform vec2 pixelPos;
 
 uniform vec4 Color = {0.0f,0.0f,0.0f,1.0f};
-uniform vec4 BackgroundColor = {0.0f,0.0f,0.0f,1.0f};
 
 void main()
 { 
@@ -27,10 +26,11 @@ void main()
         vec2 absrelcoord = abs(fragPosTopLeft - pixelScale/2 - pixelPos);
     
         if (!(absrelcoord.x < r1.x || absrelcoord.y < r1.y)) {
-            if (pow(absrelcoord.y-r1.y,2) > pow(roundingfactor,2) - pow((absrelcoord.x-r1.x),2)) {
+            vec2 cornerOffset = absrelcoord - r1;
+            if (dot(cornerOffset, cornerOffset) > roundingfactor * roundingfactor) {
                 discard;
+            }
         }
     }
-    }
     
 }

shaders/ImageBox.frag

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ uniform vec2 pixelScale;
 uniform vec2 pixelPos;
 
 uniform vec4 Color = {0.0f,0.0f,0.0f,1.0f};
-uniform vec4 BackgroundColor = {0.0f,0.0f,0.0f,1.0f};
 
 uniform sampler2D tex;
 
@@ -29,10 +28,11 @@ void main()
         vec2 absrelcoord = abs(fragPosTopLeft - pixelScale/2 - pixelPos);
     
         if (!(absrelcoord.x < r1.x || absrelcoord.y < r1.y)) {
-            if (pow(absrelcoord.y-r1.y,2) > pow(roundingfactor,2) - pow((absrelcoord.x-r1.x),2)) {
+            vec2 cornerOffset = absrelcoord - r1;
+            if (dot(cornerOffset, cornerOffset) > roundingfactor * roundingfactor) {
                 discard;
+            }
         }
     }
-    }
     
 }

shaders/ImageBox.vert

@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ uniform vec2 pixelScale;
 uniform float z;
 uniform float rotation;
 
+uniform int uvMode = 0;                // 0 = stretch, 1 = tile
+uniform vec3 tileScale = vec3(1.0);
+uniform vec2 uvOffset = vec2(0.0);
+
 void main()
 {
     vec2 unitPos = aPos * 0.5 + 0.5;
@@ -20,5 +24,7 @@ void main()
 
     gl_Position = vec4(ndc, 0.0f, 1.0f);
 
-    TexCoords = aTexCoords;
+    // Screen y runs down here, so flip v to keep images the right way up
+    vec2 uv = vec2(aTexCoords.x, 1.0 - aTexCoords.y);
+    TexCoords = (uvMode == 1 ? uv * tileScale.xy : uv) + uvOffset;
 }  

shaders/Particle.vert

@@ -11,12 +11,14 @@ out vec3 FragPos;
 uniform mat4 view;
 uniform mat4 proj;
 
-
+uniform int uvMode = 0;                // 0 = stretch, 1 = tile
+uniform vec3 tileScale = vec3(1.0);
+uniform vec2 uvOffset = vec2(0.0);
 
 void main()
 {
     FragPos = vec3(modl * vec4(aPos, 1.0));
 	normal = aNormal;
-    texCoord = aTex;
+    texCoord = (uvMode == 1 ? aPos.xy * tileScale.xy : aTex) + uvOffset;
     gl_Position = proj* view * modl * vec4(aPos,1.0f);
 }

shaders/ScreenShader.frag

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ out vec4 FragColor;
 in vec2 TexCoords;
 
 uniform sampler2D screenTexture;
+uniform sampler2D bloomTexture;
+uniform float bloomStrength = 0.0f;
 uniform float brightness = 0.0f;
 uniform float colorContrast = 0.0f;
 uniform float saturation = 1.0f;
@@ -21,21 +23,19 @@ vec3 ACESFilm(vec3 x)
 
 void main()
 { 
-    vec3 originalcolor = texture(screenTexture, TexCoords).rgb;
+    // Added before tonemapping, while everything is still in HDR
+    vec3 originalcolor = texture(screenTexture, TexCoords).rgb
+        + texture(bloomTexture, TexCoords).rgb * bloomStrength;
     vec3 finalcolor = ACESFilm(originalcolor * exposure);
 
     const float gamma = 2.2;
     finalcolor = pow(finalcolor, vec3(1.0 / gamma));
 
-    vec3 contrast = vec3(1.0f) - finalcolor;
-
     finalcolor = mix(finalcolor,vec3(1.0f) - finalcolor,colorContrast);
 
     float average = (finalcolor[0]+finalcolor[1]+finalcolor[2])/3.0f;
     
-    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+    finalcolor = mix(vec3(average), finalcolor, saturation);
-        finalcolor[i] = average + saturation * (finalcolor[i] - average);
-    }
 
     FragColor = vec4(finalcolor,1.0f);
 }

shaders/bloom_blur.frag

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#version 330 core
+out vec4 FragColor;
+
+in vec2 TexCoords;
+
+uniform sampler2D image;
+uniform int horizontal;
+
+const float weights[5] = float[](0.227027, 0.1945946, 0.1216216, 0.054054, 0.016216);
+
+void main()
+{
+    vec2 texel = 1.0 / vec2(textureSize(image, 0));
+    vec2 direction = horizontal != 0 ? vec2(texel.x, 0.0) : vec2(0.0, texel.y);
+
+    vec3 color = texture(image, TexCoords).rgb * weights[0];
+    for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
+        color += texture(image, TexCoords + direction * float(i)).rgb * weights[i];
+        color += texture(image, TexCoords - direction * float(i)).rgb * weights[i];
+    }
+
+    FragColor = vec4(color, 1.0);
+}

shaders/bloom_extract.frag

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#version 330 core
+out vec4 FragColor;
+
+in vec2 TexCoords;
+
+uniform sampler2D screenTexture;
+uniform float threshold;
+
+void main()
+{
+    // Averaged, since a quarter size target would otherwise skip most of the screen's pixels
+    vec2 texel = 1.0 / vec2(textureSize(screenTexture, 0));
+    vec3 color = (texture(screenTexture, TexCoords + texel * vec2(-1.0, -1.0)).rgb
+        + texture(screenTexture, TexCoords + texel * vec2(1.0, -1.0)).rgb
+        + texture(screenTexture, TexCoords + texel * vec2(-1.0, 1.0)).rgb
+        + texture(screenTexture, TexCoords + texel * vec2(1.0, 1.0)).rgb) * 0.25;
+
+    // A single blown out specular pixel would otherwise flash a huge glow
+    color = min(color, vec3(20.0));
+
+    // Keeps the hue of whatever is over the threshold, and fades in instead of cutting off
+    float brightness = max(color.r, max(color.g, color.b));
+    float contribution = max(brightness - threshold, 0.0) / max(brightness, 1e-4);
+
+    FragColor = vec4(color * contribution, 1.0);
+}

shaders/default.frag

@@ -12,7 +12,42 @@ struct DirLight {
     float intensity;
 };
 
-uniform DirLight dirLight;
+struct PointLight {
+    vec3 position;
+    vec3 color;
+    float intensity;
+    float radius;
+    int shadowTile;
+};
+
+struct SpotLight {
+    vec3 position;
+    vec3 direction;
+    vec3 color;
+    float intensity;
+    float radius;
+    float innerCos;
+    float outerCos;
+    int shadowTile;
+};
+
+// The array sizes have to match Light.h
+#define MAX_DIRECTIONAL_LIGHTS 4
+#define MAX_POINT_LIGHTS 16
+#define MAX_SPOT_LIGHTS 8
+#define SHADOW_ATLAS_COLUMNS 6
+#define SHADOW_ATLAS_TILES (SHADOW_ATLAS_COLUMNS * SHADOW_ATLAS_COLUMNS)
+
+uniform DirLight dirLight;   // the sun, the only light with a shadow map
+uniform DirLight directionalLights[MAX_DIRECTIONAL_LIGHTS];
+uniform int directionalLightCount = 0;
+uniform PointLight pointLights[MAX_POINT_LIGHTS];
+uniform int pointLightCount = 0;
+uniform SpotLight spotLights[MAX_SPOT_LIGHTS];
+uniform int spotLightCount = 0;
+uniform sampler2DShadow localShadowMap;
+uniform mat4 shadowTileMatrices[SHADOW_ATLAS_TILES];
+
 uniform vec3 viewPos;
 
 uniform sampler2DShadow shadowMap;
@@ -23,6 +58,7 @@ uniform int useTexture = 0;
 uniform float metallic = 0.0;
 uniform float roughness = 0.7;
 uniform float ao = 1.0;
+uniform float emissive = 0.0;
 uniform float envIntensity = 0.8;
 
 const float PI = 3.14159265359;
@@ -72,6 +108,65 @@ vec3 EnvironmentBRDF(vec3 F0, float rough, float NdotV)
     return F0 * AB.x + AB.y;
 }
 
+// Light from one direction, L points from the surface toward the light
+vec3 ShadeLight(vec3 L, vec3 radiance, vec3 N, vec3 V, vec3 albedo, float metal, float rough, vec3 F0, float NdotV)
+{
+    float NdotL = max(dot(N, L), 0.0);
+    if (NdotL <= 0.0)
+        return vec3(0.0);
+
+    vec3 H = normalize(V + L);
+    vec3 F = FresnelSchlick(max(dot(H, V), 0.0), F0);
+    float NDF = DistributionGGX(N, H, rough);
+    float G = GeometrySmith(N, V, L, rough);
+    vec3 specular = (NDF * G * F) / max(4.0 * NdotV * NdotL, 1e-4);
+    vec3 kD = (vec3(1.0) - F) * (1.0 - metal);
+    return (kD * albedo / PI + specular) * radiance * NdotL;
+}
+
+// Inverse square falloff, windowed so it reaches exactly zero at the radius
+float PointAttenuation(float distanceSquared, float radius)
+{
+    float ratio = distanceSquared / (radius * radius);
+    float window = clamp(1.0 - ratio * ratio, 0.0, 1.0);
+    return window * window / max(distanceSquared, 0.01);
+}
+
+// Which of a point light's 6 atlas tiles covers offset, the order is set in RenderLocalShadows
+int PointShadowFace(vec3 offset)
+{
+    vec3 size = abs(offset);
+    if (size.x >= size.y && size.x >= size.z) return offset.x > 0.0 ? 0 : 1;
+    if (size.y >= size.z) return offset.y > 0.0 ? 2 : 3;
+    return offset.z > 0.0 ? 4 : 5;
+}
+
+// 1 = lit, 0 = shadowed. Stays inside the tile so the filter can't pick up its neighbours.
+float LocalShadow(int tile, vec3 worldPos, vec3 N)
+{
+    vec4 clipPos = shadowTileMatrices[tile] * vec4(worldPos + N * 0.04, 1.0);
+    if (clipPos.w <= 0.0)
+        return 1.0;
+
+    vec3 projCoords = clipPos.xyz / clipPos.w * 0.5 + 0.5;
+    if (any(lessThan(projCoords, vec3(0.0))) || any(greaterThan(projCoords, vec3(1.0))))
+        return 1.0;
+
+    float tileSize = 1.0 / float(SHADOW_ATLAS_COLUMNS);
+    vec2 tileOrigin = vec2(float(tile % SHADOW_ATLAS_COLUMNS), float(tile / SHADOW_ATLAS_COLUMNS)) * tileSize;
+    vec2 texelSize = 1.0 / vec2(textureSize(localShadowMap, 0));
+    vec2 uv = tileOrigin + projCoords.xy * tileSize;
+
+    float shadow = 0.0;
+    for (int x = -1; x <= 1; x++) {
+        for (int y = -1; y <= 1; y++) {
+            vec2 sampleUV = clamp(uv + vec2(x, y) * texelSize, tileOrigin + texelSize, tileOrigin + tileSize - texelSize);
+            shadow += texture(localShadowMap, vec3(sampleUV, projCoords.z - 0.0002));
+        }
+    }
+    return shadow / 9.0;
+}
+
 float ShadowCalculation(vec4 fragPosLightSpace, vec3 N, vec3 L)
 {
     vec3 projCoords = fragPosLightSpace.xyz / fragPosLightSpace.w;
@@ -112,21 +207,63 @@ void main()
 
     vec3 N = normalize(normal);
     vec3 V = normalize(viewPos - FragPos);
-    vec3 L = normalize(-dirLight.direction);
-    vec3 H = normalize(V + L);
     float NdotV = max(dot(N, V), 1e-4);
-    float NdotL = max(dot(N, L), 0.0);
 
     vec3 F0 = mix(vec3(0.04), albedo, metal);
-    vec3 F = FresnelSchlick(max(dot(H, V), 0.0), F0);
+    vec3 direct = vec3(0.0);
-    float NDF = DistributionGGX(N, H, rough);
-    float G = GeometrySmith(N, V, L, rough);
-    vec3 specular = (NDF * G * F) / max(4.0 * NdotV * NdotL, 1e-4);
-    vec3 kD = (vec3(1.0) - F) * (1.0 - metal);
-    vec3 radiance = dirLight.color * dirLight.intensity;
 
-    float shadow = ShadowCalculation(fragposlightspace, N, L);
+    // Facing away from the sun has no direct light, so skip the BRDF and the 9 shadow samples
-    vec3 direct = (kD * albedo / PI + specular) * radiance * NdotL * shadow;
+    vec3 sunL = normalize(-dirLight.direction);
+    if (dot(N, sunL) > 0.0) {
+        float shadow = ShadowCalculation(fragposlightspace, N, sunL);
+        direct += ShadeLight(sunL, dirLight.color * dirLight.intensity, N, V, albedo, metal, rough, F0, NdotV) * shadow;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < directionalLightCount; i++) {
+        vec3 L = normalize(-directionalLights[i].direction);
+        vec3 radiance = directionalLights[i].color * directionalLights[i].intensity;
+        direct += ShadeLight(L, radiance, N, V, albedo, metal, rough, F0, NdotV);
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < pointLightCount; i++) {
+        vec3 toLight = pointLights[i].position - FragPos;
+        float distanceSquared = dot(toLight, toLight);
+        float radius = pointLights[i].radius;
+        if (distanceSquared >= radius * radius)
+            continue;
+
+        vec3 radiance = pointLights[i].color * pointLights[i].intensity * PointAttenuation(distanceSquared, radius);
+        vec3 L = toLight / sqrt(distanceSquared);
+        if (dot(N, L) <= 0.0)
+            continue;
+
+        vec3 lit = ShadeLight(L, radiance, N, V, albedo, metal, rough, F0, NdotV);
+        if (pointLights[i].shadowTile >= 0)
+            lit *= LocalShadow(pointLights[i].shadowTile + PointShadowFace(-toLight), FragPos, N);
+        direct += lit;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < spotLightCount; i++) {
+        vec3 toLight = spotLights[i].position - FragPos;
+        float distanceSquared = dot(toLight, toLight);
+        float radius = spotLights[i].radius;
+        if (distanceSquared >= radius * radius)
+            continue;
+
+        vec3 L = toLight / sqrt(distanceSquared);
+        float cone = smoothstep(spotLights[i].outerCos, spotLights[i].innerCos, dot(-L, spotLights[i].direction));
+        if (cone <= 0.0)
+            continue;
+
+        if (dot(N, L) <= 0.0)
+            continue;
+
+        vec3 radiance = spotLights[i].color * spotLights[i].intensity * PointAttenuation(distanceSquared, radius) * cone;
+        vec3 lit = ShadeLight(L, radiance, N, V, albedo, metal, rough, F0, NdotV);
+        if (spotLights[i].shadowTile >= 0)
+            lit *= LocalShadow(spotLights[i].shadowTile, FragPos, N);
+        direct += lit;
+    }
 
     vec3 ambientF = FresnelSchlickRoughness(NdotV, F0, rough);
     vec3 ambientKD = (vec3(1.0) - ambientF) * (1.0 - metal);
@@ -136,5 +273,5 @@ void main()
     vec3 specularIBL = prefiltered * EnvironmentBRDF(F0, rough, NdotV);
     vec3 ambient = (ambientKD * irradiance * albedo + specularIBL) * ao;
 
-    FragColor = vec4(direct + ambient, albedoSample.a);
+    FragColor = vec4(direct + ambient + albedo * emissive * 4.0, albedoSample.a);
 }

shaders/default.vert

@@ -13,11 +13,35 @@ uniform mat4 proj;
 
 uniform mat4 lightSpaceMatrix;
 
+uniform int uvMode = 0;                // 0 = stretch, 1 = tile
+uniform vec3 tileScale = vec3(1.0);
+uniform vec2 uvOffset = vec2(0.0);
+
+// Same direction as transpose(inverse(m)) for normals, without the per vertex inverse
+mat3 CofactorMatrix(mat3 m)
+{
+    return mat3(cross(m[1], m[2]), cross(m[2], m[0]), cross(m[0], m[1]));
+}
+
+// Tiling ignores the mesh's uvs and projects from whichever axis the surface faces,
+// so every face of a stretched cube repeats at the same size
+vec2 SurfaceUV()
+{
+    if (uvMode == 0) return aTex + uvOffset;
+
+    vec3 n = abs(aNormal);
+    vec3 p = aPos * tileScale;
+    if (n.y >= n.x && n.y >= n.z) return p.xz + uvOffset;
+    if (n.x >= n.z) return p.zy + uvOffset;
+    return p.xy + uvOffset;
+}
+
 void main()
 {
-    FragPos = vec3(modl * vec4(aPos, 1.0));
+    vec4 worldPos = modl * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
-	normal = transpose(inverse(mat3(modl))) * aNormal;
+    FragPos = worldPos.xyz;
-    texCoord = aTex;
+    normal = CofactorMatrix(mat3(modl)) * aNormal;
-    fragposlightspace = lightSpaceMatrix * vec4(FragPos, 1.0);
+    texCoord = SurfaceUV();
-    gl_Position = proj* view * modl * vec4(aPos,1.0f);
+    fragposlightspace = lightSpaceMatrix * worldPos;
+    gl_Position = proj * view * worldPos;
 }

shaders/deferred_lighting.frag

@@ -3,59 +3,273 @@ out vec4 FragColor;
 
 in vec2 TexCoord;
 
-uniform sampler2D       gPosition;
-uniform sampler2D       gNormal;
-uniform sampler2D       gAlbedo;
-uniform sampler2D       gLightSpacePos;
-uniform sampler2DShadow shadowMap;
-
 struct DirLight {
     vec3 direction;
-    vec3 ambient;
+    vec3 color;
-    vec3 diffuse;
+    float intensity;
-    vec3 specular;
 };
-uniform DirLight dirLight;
-uniform vec3     viewPos;
 
-float ShadowCalculation(vec4 fragPosLightSpace)
+struct PointLight {
+    vec3 position;
+    vec3 color;
+    float intensity;
+    float radius;
+    int shadowTile;
+};
+
+struct SpotLight {
+    vec3 position;
+    vec3 direction;
+    vec3 color;
+    float intensity;
+    float radius;
+    float innerCos;
+    float outerCos;
+    int shadowTile;
+};
+
+// The array sizes have to match Light.h
+#define MAX_DIRECTIONAL_LIGHTS 4
+#define MAX_POINT_LIGHTS 16
+#define MAX_SPOT_LIGHTS 8
+#define SHADOW_ATLAS_COLUMNS 6
+#define SHADOW_ATLAS_TILES (SHADOW_ATLAS_COLUMNS * SHADOW_ATLAS_COLUMNS)
+
+uniform DirLight dirLight;   // the sun, the only light with a shadow map
+uniform DirLight directionalLights[MAX_DIRECTIONAL_LIGHTS];
+uniform int directionalLightCount = 0;
+uniform PointLight pointLights[MAX_POINT_LIGHTS];
+uniform int pointLightCount = 0;
+uniform SpotLight spotLights[MAX_SPOT_LIGHTS];
+uniform int spotLightCount = 0;
+uniform sampler2DShadow localShadowMap;
+uniform mat4 shadowTileMatrices[SHADOW_ATLAS_TILES];
+
+uniform vec3 viewPos;
+uniform mat4 lightSpaceMatrix;
+
+uniform sampler2D gPosition;
+uniform sampler2D gNormal;
+uniform sampler2D gAlbedo;
+uniform sampler2D gMaterial;
+uniform sampler2DShadow shadowMap;
+uniform samplerCube environmentMap;
+uniform float envIntensity = 0.8;
+
+const float PI = 3.14159265359;
+
+float DistributionGGX(vec3 N, vec3 H, float rough)
 {
-    vec3 projCoords = fragPosLightSpace.xyz / fragPosLightSpace.w;
+    float a = rough * rough;
-    projCoords      = projCoords * 0.5 + 0.5;
+    float a2 = a * a;
-    if (projCoords.z > 1.0) return 0.0;
+    float NdotH = max(dot(N, H), 0.0);
-    return texture(shadowMap, vec3(projCoords.xy, projCoords.z));
+    float NdotH2 = NdotH * NdotH;
+    float denom = NdotH2 * (a2 - 1.0) + 1.0;
+    return a2 / max(PI * denom * denom, 1e-5);
 }
 
-vec3 CalcDirLight(DirLight light, vec3 normal, vec3 viewDir, vec4 fragPosLS, vec3 albedo)
+float GeometrySchlickGGX(float NdotV, float rough)
 {
-    vec3  lightDir   = normalize(-light.direction);
+    float r = rough + 1.0;
-    float diff       = max(dot(normal, lightDir), 0.0);
+    float k = (r * r) / 8.0;
-    vec3  halfwayDir = normalize(lightDir + viewDir);
+    return NdotV / (NdotV * (1.0 - k) + k);
-    float spec       = pow(max(dot(normal, halfwayDir), 0.0), 32.0);
+}
 
-    vec3 ambient  = light.ambient  * albedo;
+float GeometrySmith(vec3 N, vec3 V, vec3 L, float rough)
-    vec3 diffuse  = light.diffuse  * diff * albedo;
+{
-    vec3 specular = light.specular * spec;
+    float NdotV = max(dot(N, V), 0.0);
+    float NdotL = max(dot(N, L), 0.0);
+    return GeometrySchlickGGX(NdotV, rough) * GeometrySchlickGGX(NdotL, rough);
+}
 
-    float shadow = ShadowCalculation(fragPosLS);
+vec3 FresnelSchlick(float cosTheta, vec3 F0)
-    return ambient + (diffuse + specular) * shadow;
+{
+    return F0 + (1.0 - F0) * pow(clamp(1.0 - cosTheta, 0.0, 1.0), 5.0);
+}
+
+vec3 FresnelSchlickRoughness(float cosTheta, vec3 F0, float rough)
+{
+    vec3 f = max(vec3(1.0 - rough), F0);
+    return F0 + (f - F0) * pow(clamp(1.0 - cosTheta, 0.0, 1.0), 5.0);
+}
+
+vec3 EnvironmentBRDF(vec3 F0, float rough, float NdotV)
+{
+    const vec4 c0 = vec4(-1.0, -0.0275, -0.572, 0.022);
+    const vec4 c1 = vec4(1.0, 0.0425, 1.04, -0.04);
+    vec4 r = rough * c0 + c1;
+    float a004 = min(r.x * r.x, exp2(-9.28 * NdotV)) * r.x + r.y;
+    vec2 AB = vec2(-1.04, 1.04) * a004 + r.zw;
+    return F0 * AB.x + AB.y;
+}
+
+// Light from one direction, L points from the surface toward the light
+vec3 ShadeLight(vec3 L, vec3 radiance, vec3 N, vec3 V, vec3 albedo, float metal, float rough, vec3 F0, float NdotV)
+{
+    float NdotL = max(dot(N, L), 0.0);
+    if (NdotL <= 0.0)
+        return vec3(0.0);
+
+    vec3 H = normalize(V + L);
+    vec3 F = FresnelSchlick(max(dot(H, V), 0.0), F0);
+    float NDF = DistributionGGX(N, H, rough);
+    float G = GeometrySmith(N, V, L, rough);
+    vec3 specular = (NDF * G * F) / max(4.0 * NdotV * NdotL, 1e-4);
+    vec3 kD = (vec3(1.0) - F) * (1.0 - metal);
+    return (kD * albedo / PI + specular) * radiance * NdotL;
+}
+
+// Inverse square falloff, windowed so it reaches exactly zero at the radius
+float PointAttenuation(float distanceSquared, float radius)
+{
+    float ratio = distanceSquared / (radius * radius);
+    float window = clamp(1.0 - ratio * ratio, 0.0, 1.0);
+    return window * window / max(distanceSquared, 0.01);
+}
+
+// Which of a point light's 6 atlas tiles covers offset, the order is set in RenderLocalShadows
+int PointShadowFace(vec3 offset)
+{
+    vec3 size = abs(offset);
+    if (size.x >= size.y && size.x >= size.z) return offset.x > 0.0 ? 0 : 1;
+    if (size.y >= size.z) return offset.y > 0.0 ? 2 : 3;
+    return offset.z > 0.0 ? 4 : 5;
+}
+
+// 1 = lit, 0 = shadowed. Stays inside the tile so the filter can't pick up its neighbours.
+float LocalShadow(int tile, vec3 worldPos, vec3 N)
+{
+    vec4 clipPos = shadowTileMatrices[tile] * vec4(worldPos + N * 0.04, 1.0);
+    if (clipPos.w <= 0.0)
+        return 1.0;
+
+    vec3 projCoords = clipPos.xyz / clipPos.w * 0.5 + 0.5;
+    if (any(lessThan(projCoords, vec3(0.0))) || any(greaterThan(projCoords, vec3(1.0))))
+        return 1.0;
+
+    float tileSize = 1.0 / float(SHADOW_ATLAS_COLUMNS);
+    vec2 tileOrigin = vec2(float(tile % SHADOW_ATLAS_COLUMNS), float(tile / SHADOW_ATLAS_COLUMNS)) * tileSize;
+    vec2 texelSize = 1.0 / vec2(textureSize(localShadowMap, 0));
+    vec2 uv = tileOrigin + projCoords.xy * tileSize;
+
+    float shadow = 0.0;
+    for (int x = -1; x <= 1; x++) {
+        for (int y = -1; y <= 1; y++) {
+            vec2 sampleUV = clamp(uv + vec2(x, y) * texelSize, tileOrigin + texelSize, tileOrigin + tileSize - texelSize);
+            shadow += texture(localShadowMap, vec3(sampleUV, projCoords.z - 0.0002));
+        }
+    }
+    return shadow / 9.0;
+}
+
+float ShadowCalculation(vec4 fragPosLightSpace, vec3 N, vec3 L)
+{
+    vec3 projCoords = fragPosLightSpace.xyz / fragPosLightSpace.w;
+    projCoords = projCoords * 0.5 + 0.5;
+
+    if (projCoords.z > 1.0 || any(lessThan(projCoords, vec3(0.0))) ||
+        any(greaterThan(projCoords, vec3(1.0))))
+        return 1.0;
+
+    float bias = max(0.004 * (1.0 - dot(N, L)), 0.001);
+    vec2 texelSize = 1.0 / vec2(textureSize(shadowMap, 0));
+    float shadow = 0.0;
+
+    for (int x = -1; x <= 1; x++) {
+        for (int y = -1; y <= 1; y++) {
+            vec2 offset = vec2(x, y) * texelSize;
+            shadow += texture(shadowMap, vec3(projCoords.xy + offset, projCoords.z - bias));
+        }
+    }
+    return shadow / 9.0;
 }
 
 void main()
 {
-    vec3 fragPos       = texture(gPosition,      TexCoord).rgb;
+    vec3 normal = texture(gNormal, TexCoord).rgb;
-    vec3 normal        = normalize(texture(gNormal, TexCoord).rgb);
-    vec4 albedaSample  = texture(gAlbedo,        TexCoord);
-    vec4 fragPosLS     = texture(gLightSpacePos, TexCoord);
 
-    // Sky (no geometry written) — output clear color
+    // Nothing was written here, keep the skybox underneath
-    if (length(normal) < 0.1) {
+    if (dot(normal, normal) < 0.01)
-        FragColor = vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+        discard;
-        return;
+
+    vec3 FragPos = texture(gPosition, TexCoord).rgb;
+    vec4 albedoSample = texture(gAlbedo, TexCoord);
+    vec4 material = texture(gMaterial, TexCoord);
+
+    vec3 albedo = albedoSample.rgb;
+    float metal = material.r;
+    float rough = material.g;
+    float ao = material.b;
+
+    vec3 N = normalize(normal);
+    vec3 V = normalize(viewPos - FragPos);
+    float NdotV = max(dot(N, V), 1e-4);
+
+    vec3 F0 = mix(vec3(0.04), albedo, metal);
+    vec3 direct = vec3(0.0);
+
+    // Facing away from the sun has no direct light, so skip the BRDF and the 9 shadow samples
+    vec3 sunL = normalize(-dirLight.direction);
+    if (dot(N, sunL) > 0.0) {
+        float shadow = ShadowCalculation(lightSpaceMatrix * vec4(FragPos, 1.0), N, sunL);
+        direct += ShadeLight(sunL, dirLight.color * dirLight.intensity, N, V, albedo, metal, rough, F0, NdotV) * shadow;
     }
 
-    vec3 viewDir = normalize(viewPos - fragPos);
+    for (int i = 0; i < directionalLightCount; i++) {
-    vec3 lit     = CalcDirLight(dirLight, normal, viewDir, fragPosLS, albedaSample.rgb);
+        vec3 L = normalize(-directionalLights[i].direction);
+        vec3 radiance = directionalLights[i].color * directionalLights[i].intensity;
+        direct += ShadeLight(L, radiance, N, V, albedo, metal, rough, F0, NdotV);
+    }
 
-    FragColor = vec4(lit, albedaSample.a);
+    for (int i = 0; i < pointLightCount; i++) {
+        vec3 toLight = pointLights[i].position - FragPos;
+        float distanceSquared = dot(toLight, toLight);
+        float radius = pointLights[i].radius;
+        if (distanceSquared >= radius * radius)
+            continue;
+
+        vec3 radiance = pointLights[i].color * pointLights[i].intensity * PointAttenuation(distanceSquared, radius);
+        vec3 L = toLight / sqrt(distanceSquared);
+        if (dot(N, L) <= 0.0)
+            continue;
+
+        vec3 lit = ShadeLight(L, radiance, N, V, albedo, metal, rough, F0, NdotV);
+        if (pointLights[i].shadowTile >= 0)
+            lit *= LocalShadow(pointLights[i].shadowTile + PointShadowFace(-toLight), FragPos, N);
+        direct += lit;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < spotLightCount; i++) {
+        vec3 toLight = spotLights[i].position - FragPos;
+        float distanceSquared = dot(toLight, toLight);
+        float radius = spotLights[i].radius;
+        if (distanceSquared >= radius * radius)
+            continue;
+
+        vec3 L = toLight / sqrt(distanceSquared);
+        float cone = smoothstep(spotLights[i].outerCos, spotLights[i].innerCos, dot(-L, spotLights[i].direction));
+        if (cone <= 0.0)
+            continue;
+
+        if (dot(N, L) <= 0.0)
+            continue;
+
+        vec3 radiance = spotLights[i].color * spotLights[i].intensity * PointAttenuation(distanceSquared, radius) * cone;
+        vec3 lit = ShadeLight(L, radiance, N, V, albedo, metal, rough, F0, NdotV);
+        if (spotLights[i].shadowTile >= 0)
+            lit *= LocalShadow(spotLights[i].shadowTile, FragPos, N);
+        direct += lit;
+    }
+
+    vec3 ambientF = FresnelSchlickRoughness(NdotV, F0, rough);
+    vec3 ambientKD = (vec3(1.0) - ambientF) * (1.0 - metal);
+    vec3 irradiance = pow(textureLod(environmentMap, N, 7.0).rgb, vec3(2.2)) * envIntensity;
+    vec3 R = reflect(-V, N);
+    vec3 prefiltered = pow(textureLod(environmentMap, R, rough * 7.0).rgb, vec3(2.2)) * envIntensity;
+    vec3 specularIBL = prefiltered * EnvironmentBRDF(F0, rough, NdotV);
+    vec3 ambient = (ambientKD * irradiance * albedo + specularIBL) * ao;
+
+    vec3 emission = albedo * material.a * 4.0;
+
+    FragColor = vec4(direct + ambient + emission, albedoSample.a);
 }

shaders/gbuffer_debug.frag

@@ -6,36 +6,46 @@ in vec2 TexCoord;
 uniform sampler2D gPosition;
 uniform sampler2D gNormal;
 uniform sampler2D gAlbedo;
-uniform sampler2D gLightSpacePos;
+uniform sampler2D gMaterial;
-uniform sampler2DShadow shadowMap;
 uniform sampler2D depthTex;
+uniform sampler2D shadowTex;
+uniform sampler2D bloomTex;
 
-uniform int debugMode; // 0 = final, 1 = position, 2 = normal, 3 = albedo, 4 = lightspace, 5 = depth
+uniform float nearPlane;
+uniform float farPlane;
+
+uniform int debugMode; // 1 = position, 2 = normal, 3 = albedo, 4 = material, 5 = depth, 6 = shadow map, 7 = bloom
 
 void main()
 {
+    FragColor = vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+
     if (debugMode == 1) {
         vec3 v = texture(gPosition, TexCoord).rgb;
         FragColor = vec4(v * 0.01 + 0.5, 1.0);
-        return;
     }
-    if (debugMode == 2) {
+    else if (debugMode == 2) {
-        vec3 n = normalize(texture(gNormal, TexCoord).rgb);
+        vec3 n = texture(gNormal, TexCoord).rgb;
-        FragColor = vec4(n * 0.5 + 0.5, 1.0);
+        if (length(n) >= 0.1)
-        return;
+            FragColor = vec4(normalize(n) * 0.5 + 0.5, 1.0);
     }
-    if (debugMode == 3) {
+    else if (debugMode == 3) {
-        FragColor = texture(gAlbedo, TexCoord);
+        FragColor = vec4(pow(texture(gAlbedo, TexCoord).rgb, vec3(1.0 / 2.2)), 1.0);
-        return;
     }
-    if (debugMode == 4) {
+    else if (debugMode == 4) {
-        FragColor = texture(gLightSpacePos, TexCoord);
+        FragColor = vec4(texture(gMaterial, TexCoord).rgb, 1.0);
-        return;
     }
-    if (debugMode == 5) {
+    else if (debugMode == 5) {
-        float d = texture(depthTex, TexCoord).r;
+        // Perspective depth is nearly 1.0 everywhere, so linearize it and spread it out
+        float z = texture(depthTex, TexCoord).r * 2.0 - 1.0;
+        float linearDepth = (2.0 * nearPlane * farPlane) / (farPlane + nearPlane - z * (farPlane - nearPlane));
+        float d = log(1.0 + linearDepth) / log(1.0 + farPlane);
         FragColor = vec4(vec3(d), 1.0);
-        return;
     }
-    FragColor = vec4(0.0);
+    else if (debugMode == 6) {
+        FragColor = vec4(vec3(texture(shadowTex, TexCoord).r), 1.0);
+    }
+    else if (debugMode == 7) {
+        FragColor = vec4(texture(bloomTex, TexCoord).rgb, 1.0);
+    }
 }

shaders/geometry.frag

@@ -1,23 +1,35 @@
 #version 330 core
 layout (location = 0) out vec3 gPosition;
 layout (location = 1) out vec3 gNormal;
-layout (location = 2) out vec4 gAlbedo;
+layout (location = 2) out vec4 gAlbedo;   // linear rgb + alpha
-layout (location = 3) out vec4 gLightSpacePos;
+layout (location = 3) out vec4 gMaterial; // r = metallic, g = roughness, b = ao, a = emissive
 
 in vec3 FragPos;
 in vec3 Normal;
 in vec2 TexCoord;
-in vec4 FragPosLightSpace;
 
 uniform sampler2D tex;
+uniform vec4 colorOverride = vec4(0.0);
+uniform int useTexture = 0;
+uniform float metallic = 0.0;
+uniform float roughness = 0.7;
+uniform float ao = 1.0;
+uniform float emissive = 0.0;
 
 void main()
 {
-    vec4 albedo = texture(tex, TexCoord);
+    vec4 albedo = vec4(0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 1.0);
-    if (albedo.a < 0.1) discard;
+    if (useTexture != 0) {
+        albedo = texture(tex, TexCoord);
+        if (albedo.a < 0.1)
+            discard;
+        albedo.rgb = pow(albedo.rgb, vec3(2.2));
+    }
 
-    gPosition      = FragPos;
+    albedo.rgb = mix(albedo.rgb, colorOverride.rgb, colorOverride.w);
-    gNormal        = normalize(Normal);
+
-    gAlbedo        = albedo;
+    gPosition = FragPos;
-    gLightSpacePos = FragPosLightSpace;
+    gNormal   = normalize(Normal);
+    gAlbedo   = albedo;
+    gMaterial = vec4(clamp(metallic, 0.0, 1.0), clamp(roughness, 0.04, 1.0), ao, clamp(emissive, 0.0, 1.0));
 }

shaders/geometry.vert

@@ -6,19 +6,39 @@ layout (location = 2) in vec2 aTexCoord;
 out vec3 FragPos;
 out vec3 Normal;
 out vec2 TexCoord;
-out vec4 FragPosLightSpace;
 
 uniform mat4 proj;
 uniform mat4 view;
 uniform mat4 modl;
-uniform mat4 lightSpaceMatrix;
+
+uniform int uvMode = 0;                // 0 = stretch, 1 = tile
+uniform vec3 tileScale = vec3(1.0);
+uniform vec2 uvOffset = vec2(0.0);
+
+// Same direction as transpose(inverse(m)) for normals, without the per vertex inverse
+mat3 CofactorMatrix(mat3 m)
+{
+    return mat3(cross(m[1], m[2]), cross(m[2], m[0]), cross(m[0], m[1]));
+}
+
+// Tiling ignores the mesh's uvs and projects from whichever axis the surface faces,
+// so every face of a stretched cube repeats at the same size
+vec2 SurfaceUV()
+{
+    if (uvMode == 0) return aTexCoord + uvOffset;
+
+    vec3 n = abs(aNormal);
+    vec3 p = aPos * tileScale;
+    if (n.y >= n.x && n.y >= n.z) return p.xz + uvOffset;
+    if (n.x >= n.z) return p.zy + uvOffset;
+    return p.xy + uvOffset;
+}
 
 void main()
 {
     vec4 worldPos   = modl * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
     FragPos         = worldPos.xyz;
-    Normal          = normalize(mat3(transpose(inverse(modl))) * aNormal);
+    Normal          = normalize(CofactorMatrix(mat3(modl)) * aNormal);
-    TexCoord        = aTexCoord;
+    TexCoord        = SurfaceUV();
-    FragPosLightSpace = lightSpaceMatrix * worldPos;
     gl_Position     = proj * view * worldPos;
 }

shaders/geometry_rig.vert

@@ -8,27 +8,60 @@ layout (location = 4) in vec4 weights;
 out vec3 FragPos;
 out vec3 Normal;
 out vec2 TexCoord;
-out vec4 FragPosLightSpace;
 
 uniform mat4 proj;
 uniform mat4 view;
 uniform mat4 modl;
-uniform mat4 lightSpaceMatrix;
+
-uniform mat4 finalBonesMatrices[100];
+const int MAX_BONES = 100;
+const int MAX_BONE_INFLUENCE = 4;
+uniform mat4 finalBonesMatrices[MAX_BONES];
+
+uniform int uvMode = 0;                // 0 = stretch, 1 = tile
+uniform vec3 tileScale = vec3(1.0);
+uniform vec2 uvOffset = vec2(0.0);
+
+// Same direction as transpose(inverse(m)) for normals, without the per vertex inverse
+mat3 CofactorMatrix(mat3 m)
+{
+    return mat3(cross(m[1], m[2]), cross(m[2], m[0]), cross(m[0], m[1]));
+}
+
+// Tiling ignores the mesh's uvs and projects from whichever axis the surface faces.
+// Done on the bind pose, so the pattern stays stuck to the character as it moves.
+vec2 SurfaceUV()
+{
+    if (uvMode == 0) return aTexCoord + uvOffset;
+
+    vec3 n = abs(aNormal);
+    vec3 p = aPos * tileScale;
+    if (n.y >= n.x && n.y >= n.z) return p.xz + uvOffset;
+    if (n.x >= n.z) return p.zy + uvOffset;
+    return p.xy + uvOffset;
+}
 
 void main()
 {
-    mat4 boneTransform  = finalBonesMatrices[boneIds[0]] * weights[0];
+    vec4 totalPosition = vec4(0.0);
-         boneTransform += finalBonesMatrices[boneIds[1]] * weights[1];
+    vec3 totalNormal = vec3(0.0);
-         boneTransform += finalBonesMatrices[boneIds[2]] * weights[2];
-         boneTransform += finalBonesMatrices[boneIds[3]] * weights[3];
 
-    vec4 localPos     = boneTransform * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
+    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_BONE_INFLUENCE; i++)
-    vec4 worldPos     = modl * localPos;
+    {
+        if (boneIds[i] == -1) continue;
+        if (boneIds[i] >= MAX_BONES)
+        {
+            totalPosition = vec4(aPos, 1.0);
+            totalNormal = aNormal;
+            break;
+        }
+        totalPosition += (finalBonesMatrices[boneIds[i]] * vec4(aPos, 1.0)) * weights[i];
+        totalNormal   += mat3(finalBonesMatrices[boneIds[i]]) * aNormal * weights[i];
+    }
 
-    FragPos           = worldPos.xyz;
+    vec4 worldPos = modl * totalPosition;
-    Normal            = normalize(mat3(transpose(inverse(modl * boneTransform))) * aNormal);
+
-    TexCoord          = aTexCoord;
+    FragPos     = worldPos.xyz;
-    FragPosLightSpace = lightSpaceMatrix * worldPos;
+    Normal      = normalize(CofactorMatrix(mat3(modl)) * totalNormal);
-    gl_Position       = proj * view * worldPos;
+    TexCoord    = SurfaceUV();
+    gl_Position = proj * view * worldPos;
 }

shaders/rig.vert

@@ -21,6 +21,29 @@ out vec2 texCoord;
 out vec3 FragPos;
 out vec4 fragposlightspace;
 
+uniform int uvMode = 0;                // 0 = stretch, 1 = tile
+uniform vec3 tileScale = vec3(1.0);
+uniform vec2 uvOffset = vec2(0.0);
+
+// Same direction as transpose(inverse(m)) for normals, without the per vertex inverse
+mat3 CofactorMatrix(mat3 m)
+{
+    return mat3(cross(m[1], m[2]), cross(m[2], m[0]), cross(m[0], m[1]));
+}
+
+// Tiling ignores the mesh's uvs and projects from whichever axis the surface faces.
+// Done on the bind pose, so the pattern stays stuck to the character as it moves.
+vec2 SurfaceUV()
+{
+    if (uvMode == 0) return tex + uvOffset;
+
+    vec3 n = abs(norm);
+    vec3 p = pos * tileScale;
+    if (n.y >= n.x && n.y >= n.z) return p.xz + uvOffset;
+    if (n.x >= n.z) return p.zy + uvOffset;
+    return p.xy + uvOffset;
+}
+
 void main()
 {
     vec4 totalPosition = vec4(0.0);
@@ -40,9 +63,10 @@ void main()
         totalPosition += (finalBonesMatrices[boneIds[i]] * vec4(pos, 1.0))* weights[i];
         totalNormal   += mat3(finalBonesMatrices[boneIds[i]]) * norm * weights[i];
     }
-    FragPos          = vec3(modl * totalPosition);
+    vec4 worldPos    = modl * totalPosition;
-    fragposlightspace = lightSpaceMatrix * vec4(FragPos, 1.0);
+    FragPos          = worldPos.xyz;
-    gl_Position      = proj * view * modl * totalPosition;
+    fragposlightspace = lightSpaceMatrix * worldPos;
-    normal           = normalize(mat3(transpose(inverse(modl))) * totalNormal);
+    gl_Position      = proj * view * worldPos;
-    texCoord         = tex;
+    normal           = normalize(CofactorMatrix(mat3(modl)) * totalNormal);
+    texCoord         = SurfaceUV();
 }   

shaders/skybox.vert

@@ -10,6 +10,5 @@ void main()
 {
     TexCoords = aPos;
     vec4 pos = proj * view * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
-    //gl_Position = pos.xyww
+    gl_Position = pos.xyww;   // sits on the far plane, so it only draws where no geometry is
-    gl_Position = pos;
 }  

t.h

@@ -30,31 +30,18 @@ public:
 		return tr;
 	}
 
-	BoundingBox GetAABB() {
+	BoundingBox GetAABB() const {
-		std::vector<glm::vec3> corners = {
+		// Each world axis reaches as far as the rotated box's axes add up to, no need to visit the corners
-			{0.5f,0.5f,0.5f},
+		const glm::mat3 rotation = glm::mat3_cast(orient);
-			{0.5f,-0.5f,0.5f},
+		const glm::vec3 half = scale * 0.5f;
-			{0.5f,-0.5f,-0.5f},
+		const glm::vec3 extent =
-			{0.5f,0.5f,-0.5f},
+			glm::abs(rotation[0]) * half.x +
-			{-0.5f,0.5f,0.5f},
+			glm::abs(rotation[1]) * half.y +
-			{-0.5f,-0.5f,0.5f},
+			glm::abs(rotation[2]) * half.z;
-			{-0.5f,0.5f,-0.5f},
-			{-0.5f,-0.5f,-0.5f},
-		};
 
-		glm::vec3 min(FLT_MAX);
-		glm::vec3 max(-FLT_MAX);
-		for (glm::vec3& corner : corners) {
-			corner *= scale;
-			corner = orient * corner;
-			corner += pos;
-			min = { glm::min(min.x, corner.x) ,glm::min(min.y, corner.y), glm::min(min.z, corner.z) };
-			max = { glm::max(max.x, corner.x) ,glm::max(max.y, corner.y), glm::max(max.z, corner.z) };
-		}
 		BoundingBox tr;
-		tr.min = min;
+		tr.min = pos - extent;
-		tr.max = max;
+		tr.max = pos + extent;
-		//std::cout << tr.min.x << ' ' << tr.min.y << ' ' << tr.min.z << ' ' << tr.max.x << ' ' << tr.max.y << ' ' << tr.max.z << '\n';
 		return tr;
 	}
 

tFunctions.cpp

@@ -5,6 +5,45 @@ glm::vec3 CalculateTriangleNormal(Triangle t) {
 	return glm::normalize(glm::cross(t.b - t.a, t.c - t.a));
 }
 
+static bool TriangleAxisSeparates(const Triangle& t1, const Triangle& t2, const glm::vec3& axis) {
+	const float a1 = glm::dot(t1.a, axis), b1 = glm::dot(t1.b, axis), c1 = glm::dot(t1.c, axis);
+	const float a2 = glm::dot(t2.a, axis), b2 = glm::dot(t2.b, axis), c2 = glm::dot(t2.c, axis);
+	const float min1 = glm::min(a1, glm::min(b1, c1)), max1 = glm::max(a1, glm::max(b1, c1));
+	const float min2 = glm::min(a2, glm::min(b2, c2)), max2 = glm::max(a2, glm::max(b2, c2));
+	return max1 < min2 || max2 < min1;
+}
+
+//SEPARATING AXIS TEST, BOTH NORMALS PLUS EVERY EDGE PAIR
+bool TriangleInTriangle(const Triangle& t1, const Triangle& t2) {
+	const glm::vec3 edges1[3] = { t1.b - t1.a, t1.c - t1.b, t1.a - t1.c };
+	const glm::vec3 edges2[3] = { t2.b - t2.a, t2.c - t2.b, t2.a - t2.c };
+	const glm::vec3 normal1 = glm::cross(edges1[0], edges1[1]);
+	const glm::vec3 normal2 = glm::cross(edges2[0], edges2[1]);
+
+	if (TriangleAxisSeparates(t1, t2, normal1) || TriangleAxisSeparates(t1, t2, normal2))
+		return false;
+
+	bool coplanar = true;
+	for (const glm::vec3& edge1 : edges1) {
+		for (const glm::vec3& edge2 : edges2) {
+			const glm::vec3 axis = glm::cross(edge1, edge2);
+			if (glm::dot(axis, axis) < 1e-14f) continue;
+			coplanar = false;
+			if (TriangleAxisSeparates(t1, t2, axis)) return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	//EDGE PAIRS GIVE NOTHING FOR COPLANAR TRIANGLES, SO TEST WITHIN THE PLANE
+	if (coplanar) {
+		for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+			if (TriangleAxisSeparates(t1, t2, glm::cross(normal1, edges1[i]))) return false;
+			if (TriangleAxisSeparates(t1, t2, glm::cross(normal1, edges2[i]))) return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
 float Magnitude2(const glm::vec3& v) {
 	return v.x*v.x + v.y*v.y + v.z*v.z;
 }

tFunctions.h

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ struct AxisCollisionCN {
 };
 
 glm::vec3 CalculateTriangleNormal(Triangle t);
+bool TriangleInTriangle(const Triangle& t1, const Triangle& t2);
 
 float Magnitude2(const glm::vec3& v);
 

texture.cpp

@@ -1,48 +1,58 @@
 #include "texture.h"
 
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+#include "stb_image.h"
+
 Texture::Texture(const char* filename) : path(filename)
 {
-    int widthImg, heightImg, nrComponents;
+    int nrComponents;
     stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true);
-    unsigned char* bytes = stbi_load(filename, &widthImg, &heightImg, &nrComponents, 0);
+    unsigned char* bytes = stbi_load(filename, &width, &height, &nrComponents, 4);
     if (not bytes)
-    {
+        throw std::runtime_error("Failed to load texture: " + path);
-        std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
+
-        throw;
+    pixels.assign(bytes, bytes + (size_t)width * height * 4);
-    }
+    stbi_image_free(bytes);
+
+    CreateGLTexture();
+}
+
+Texture::Texture(int newWidth, int newHeight) : width(newWidth), height(newHeight)
+{
+    pixels.assign((size_t)width * height * 4, 255);
+    CreateGLTexture();
+}
+
+Texture::Texture(const Texture& source)
+    : path(source.path), width(source.width), height(source.height), pixels(source.pixels)
+{
+    CreateGLTexture();
+}
+
+void Texture::CreateGLTexture()
+{
     glGenTextures(1, &ID);
     glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, ID);
 
-    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
+    // Mipmaps when shrunk, otherwise tiled textures shimmer in the distance
+    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
     glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
 
     glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
     glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
 
-    GLenum format;
+    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels.data());
-    if (nrComponents == 1)
-        format = GL_RED;
-    else if (nrComponents == 3)
-        format = GL_RGB;
-    else if (nrComponents == 4)
-        format = GL_RGBA;
-
-    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, widthImg, heightImg, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, bytes);
     glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
 
-    stbi_image_free(bytes);
     glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
 }
 
-void Texture::texUnit(Shader shader, const char* uniform, GLuint unit) {
+void Texture::Upload()
-    shader.SetInt(uniform,unit);
+{
-}
-
-void Texture::Bind() {
     glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, ID);
-}
+    glTexSubImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 0, 0, width, height, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels.data());
-
+    glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
-void Texture::Unbind() {
     glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
 }
 

texture.h

@@ -2,20 +2,31 @@
 #ifndef TEXTURE_CLASS_H
 #define TEXTURE_CLASS_H
 
-#include "stb_image.h"
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
 #include <glad/glad.h>
 
-#include "shaderClass.h"
+// A loaded image and nothing else. Game elements wear one through a SurfaceTexture,
-
+// get these from the ResourceManager.
 class Texture {
 public:
 	GLuint ID;
 	std::string path;
+	int width = 0;
+	int height = 0;
+	std::vector<unsigned char> pixels;   // RGBA, row 0 is the bottom of the image
+
 	Texture(const char* filename);
-	void texUnit(Shader shader, const char* uniform, GLuint unit);
+	Texture(int newWidth, int newHeight);   // blank white
-	void Bind();
+	Texture(const Texture& source);         // an independent copy with its own GL texture
-	void Unbind();
+
+	// Sends pixels to the GPU after they've been edited
+	void Upload();
 	void Delete();
+
+private:
+	void CreateGLTexture();
 };
 
 #endif