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Variation: Must be heritable variation.
Selective pressures: Environmental conditions that select for certain characteristics against others.
Selective advantage: Genetic advantage that improves chance of survival.
Fitness: Struggle to survive. Those that survive and reproduce.

Examples:
- In 1848, 2% black moths as trees were covered in light colored lichen.
- In 1898, 95% black moths as the lichen was killed by air pollution resulting from the industrial revolution. | +| Mutation | Mutation are changes to the structure of DNA. Gene mutations are the change in the nucleotide sequence of an allele. Affects genotype frequency.
Provides new alleles and therefore new sources of variation in a population.
Might not immedietly affect phenotype.
If a mutation is harmful it's usually quickly eliminated from the population. | +| Non random mating | Individuals in a population select mates often on the basis of their phenotypes.
Can increase genotypic frequencies/homozygous traits.
Sexual selection: Selection by mating partners.
Artificial selection: Humans selecting favorable traits.
Inbreeding: Mating between relatives. | +| Gene flow | Transfer of alleles from one population to another. Individuals can move into or out of a population, which affects allele frequency in a population.
Can introduce new alleles to a gene pool of a population. | +| Genetic drift | Refers to changes in allele frequency due to random change alone. The change has nothing to do with their trait.
Larger effect on small populations.
Founder's/Founder effect: A small group leaves the original population, and by change the allele frequency of the group differs.
Bottleneck effect: Original population decreases in population size. Survivors represent a small fraction of the alleles that were present before the population decline. | diff --git a/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/Unit 3 TBD/Hardy Weinberg and Equation and Microevolution.md b/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/Unit 3 TBD/Hardy Weinberg and Equation and Microevolution.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d931327 --- /dev/null +++ b/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/Unit 3 TBD/Hardy Weinberg and Equation and Microevolution.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +[[Unit 3 (TBD)]] +Evolution is change in the population, not individuals. When changes in allele frequency occur, ==microevolution== has occurred, which is the smallest scale of evolution. Microevolution can eventually lead to ==macroevolution==, which is the creation of new species. + +Example begin: + +In the Richmond Hill High School forest there lives a population of bunnies. +Let B rep the allele for brown. +Let b rep the allele for white. +How many B? 3B/total 8 alleles +How many b? 5b/total 8 alleles. +Allele frequency of B is 0.375=p (represents allele frequency of dominant trait). +Allele frequency for b is 0.625=q (represents allele frequency of recessive trait). + +| Generation | B | p | b | q | +| ---------------- | --- | ----------- | --- | ----------- | +| 1-baseline | 14 | 14/44=0.318 | 30 | 30/44=0.682 | +| 2 | 11 | 11/44=0.25 | 33 | 33/44=0.75 | +| 3 | 16 | 16/44=0.364 | 28 | 28/44=0.636 | +| 4 | 15 | 15/44=0.341 | 29 | 29/44=0.659 | +| 5 | 15 | 15/44=0.341 | 29 | 29/44=0.659 | +| 6-climate change | 2 | 2/44=0.046 | 42 | 42/44=0.954 | + +![[Pasted image 20261110105109.png]] + +Microevolution has occured because allele frequency changed. +From 0.318 to 0.409. +Natural selection. + +To check if a change is significant, use chi square. + +Example concluded. + +Hardy-Weinberg equation. +If allele frequencies aren't changing, then the population is in ==Hardy-Weinberg== equilibrium (microevolution not occurring). +If allele frequencies change, then microevolution occurs, which can be due to: +* Natural selection. +* Genetic drift. +* Gene flow. +* Mutation. +* Non random mating. + +For Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to occur, these conditions need to be met: +* No mutation, no alleles can arise. +* No migration, no new members and alleles can join/leave. +* Large gene pool. +* Random mating. +* No selection, natural selection doesn't favor one phenotype over the other. +These 5 five things keep the population stable. + +==Allele fixation== is when only one allele is present for a particular gene, allele frequency for one allele is 100%. It occurs more often in smaller populations. + +![[Pasted image 20261110110316.png]] +Graph one represents Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium, graph 2 represents microevolution and graph 3 represents allele fixation. + +$$p+q=1\\p^2+2pq+q^2=1$$ $p^2$ represents genotype frequency (homozygous dominant) while $q^2$ represents genotype frequency for homozygous recessive. $2pq$ represents genotype frequency of heterozygous. + +Example 1: +Black dominant white recessive, 263 black geese 413 white geese. + +"what is genotypic frequency of the white geese" +Let B rep black feather. +Let b rep white feather. +bb=$q^2$=413/676=0.6109 +"what is allele frequency of white allele" +b=$q^2$=$\sqrt{0.6109}$ +=0.7816 +"what is alele frequency of black allele" +1-0.7816=0.2184 +"genotypic frequencies of homozygous black geese"e +$p^2+2*0.2184*0.7816+0.6109=1$ +$p^2=0.0477$ +==ALWAYS FIND RECESSIVE ALLELE FREQUENCY FIRST== +"heterozygous genotype frequency" +2pq=2(0.2184)(0.7816) +pq=0.3414 + +Example concluded. \ No newline at end of file