diff --git a/.obsidian/workspace.json b/.obsidian/workspace.json index b749eb0..3f46ff0 100644 --- a/.obsidian/workspace.json +++ b/.obsidian/workspace.json @@ -48,9 +48,91 @@ "icon": "lucide-file", "title": "polar molecules" } + }, + { + "id": "53551ba0418eb519", + "type": "leaf", + "state": { + "type": "markdown", + "state": { + "file": "math/multivariable calculus.md", + "mode": "source", + "source": false + }, + "icon": "lucide-file", + "title": "multivariable calculus" + } + }, + { + "id": "317e8fd461b2cdfd", + "type": "leaf", + "state": { + "type": "markdown", + "state": { + "file": "math/partial derivative.md", + "mode": "source", + "source": false + }, + "icon": "lucide-file", + "title": "partial derivative" + } + }, + { + "id": "7f7b005800de3b3f", + "type": "leaf", + "state": { + "type": "markdown", + "state": { + "file": "physics/quantum mechanics.md", + "mode": "source", + "source": false + }, + "icon": "lucide-file", + "title": "quantum mechanics" + } + }, + { + "id": "a044e012a348b7dd", + "type": "leaf", + "state": { + "type": "markdown", + "state": { + "file": "physics/plancks constant.md", + "mode": "source", + "source": false + }, + "icon": "lucide-file", + "title": "plancks constant" + } + }, + { + "id": "9aae6459f561b5da", + "type": "leaf", + "state": { + "type": "markdown", + "state": { + "file": "physics/schrodinger equations.md", + "mode": "source", + "source": false + }, + "icon": "lucide-file", + "title": "schrodinger equations" + } + }, + { + "id": "a2b11d343b3028d6", + "type": "leaf", + "state": { + "type": "image", + "state": { + "file": "Assets/Pasted image 20260813174636.png" + }, + "icon": "lucide-image", + "title": "Pasted image 20260813174636" + } } ], - "currentTab": 2 + "currentTab": 1 }, { "id": "25da4f0a48a8e7cd", @@ -232,45 +314,44 @@ "obsidian-excalidraw-plugin:New drawing": false } }, - "active": "fec09daa5b2b6e34", + "active": "e9cbc295e3eb47ee", "lastOpenFiles": [ + "Assets/Pasted image 20260813174454.png", + "biology/Chemistry of Life/Lipids.md", + "Assets/Pasted image 20260813175101.png", + "Assets/Pasted image 20260813174945.png", + "Assets/Pasted image 20260813174636.png", + "Pasted image 20260813174228.md", + "physics/quantum mechanics.md", + "Assets/Pasted image 20260813174228.png", + "Pasted image 20260813174730.png", + "Assets/Pasted image 20260813171126.png", + "Assets/Pasted image 20260813174224.png", + "Assets/Pasted image 20260813173740.png", + "biology/Chemistry of Life/Nucleic Acids.md", + "Assets/Pasted image 20260813171538.png", + "biology/Chemistry of Life/Macromolecules.md", + "biology/Chemistry of Life/Proteins.md", + "medical/medical.md", + "medical/classes of drugs.md", + "math/partial derivative.md", + "physics/plancks constant.md", + "physics/schrodinger equations.md", + "math/multivariable calculus.md", + "chemistry/polar molecules.md", "chemistry/electronegativity.md", "chemistry/chemical reactions.md", "chemistry/chemistry.md", "chemistry/empherical formula.md", "chemistry/nomenclature.md", - "biology/Chemistry of Life/Proteins.md", - "Assets/Pasted image 20260812110332.png", - "Assets/Pasted image 20260812120344.png", - "Assets/Pasted image 20260812114439.png", - "Assets/Pasted image 20260812112259.png", - "biology/Chemistry of Life/Nucleic Acids.md", - "biology/Chemistry of Life/Lipids.md", "biology/Chemistry of Life/structure of water and hydrogen bonding.md", "biology/Chemistry of Life/chemistry of life.md", - "biology/Chemistry of Life/Macromolecules.md", "biology/genetics.md", "biology/Chemistry of Life/Elements of Life.md", "biology/cell biology.md", "biology/Chemistry of Life/Carbohydrates.md", - "Assets/Pasted image 20260811133313.png", - "Assets/Pasted image 20260810212842.png", "physics/thermal expansion.md", - "physics/Thermodynamics.md", - "chemistry/Stoichiometry.md", - "root.md", - "chemistry/state of matter.md", - "math/game theory.md", - "math/math.md", - "biology/biology.md", "biology/Chemistry of Life", - "medical/classes of drugs.md", - "medical/medical.md", - "Assets/Pasted image 20260811133445.png", - "literacy/buzzwords.md", - "Assets/Pasted image 20260810215125.png", - "Assets/Pasted image 20260810213947.png", - "Assets/Pasted image 20260810215131.png", "Assets", "literacy", "Recording 20260716183349.m4a", diff --git a/Assets/Pasted image 20260813171126.png b/Assets/Pasted image 20260813171126.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..760834c Binary files /dev/null and b/Assets/Pasted image 20260813171126.png differ diff --git a/Assets/Pasted image 20260813171538.png b/Assets/Pasted image 20260813171538.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..10ca5fc Binary files /dev/null and b/Assets/Pasted image 20260813171538.png differ diff --git a/Assets/Pasted image 20260813173740.png b/Assets/Pasted image 20260813173740.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f979ee1 Binary files /dev/null and b/Assets/Pasted image 20260813173740.png differ diff --git a/Assets/Pasted image 20260813174224.png b/Assets/Pasted image 20260813174224.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..18539f3 Binary files /dev/null and b/Assets/Pasted image 20260813174224.png differ diff --git a/Assets/Pasted image 20260813174228.png b/Assets/Pasted image 20260813174228.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e48fca Binary files /dev/null and b/Assets/Pasted image 20260813174228.png differ diff --git a/Assets/Pasted image 20260813174454.png b/Assets/Pasted image 20260813174454.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..edeac33 Binary files /dev/null and b/Assets/Pasted image 20260813174454.png differ diff --git a/Assets/Pasted image 20260813174636.png b/Assets/Pasted image 20260813174636.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8b94d62 Binary files /dev/null and b/Assets/Pasted image 20260813174636.png differ diff --git a/Assets/Pasted image 20260813174945.png b/Assets/Pasted image 20260813174945.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e48fca Binary files /dev/null and b/Assets/Pasted image 20260813174945.png differ diff --git a/Assets/Pasted image 20260813175101.png b/Assets/Pasted image 20260813175101.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9647146 Binary files /dev/null and b/Assets/Pasted image 20260813175101.png differ diff --git a/biology/Chemistry of Life/Lipids.md b/biology/Chemistry of Life/Lipids.md index 41d4d1e..85e83c5 100644 --- a/biology/Chemistry of Life/Lipids.md +++ b/biology/Chemistry of Life/Lipids.md @@ -1,2 +1,56 @@ [[Macromolecules]] +# General Overview +fats and water insoluable, mostly composed of carbon and hydrogen with tidbits of oxygen + +# Structure +mostly made up of carbon and hydrogen (create hydrocarbon chains), which are non polars, causing them to be hydrophobic. + +| Oxygens Present | Polar | Hydrophilic | +| ------------------------- | -------- | ----------- | +| No/Little Oxygens Present | Nonpolar | Hydrophobic | +tons of types of lipids, so no single monomer/polymer name. important monomers in ap biology are glycerol and fatty acids, and important polymers are triglycerides and phospholipids. +fatty acid monomer, long hydrocarbon chain which defines it a lipid: +![[Pasted image 20260813173740.png]] + +unlike other macromolecules, lipid polymers arent repeated monomers. they use ester bonds/linkages to bind monomers to hold them together. + +![[Pasted image 20260813174224.png]] +![[Pasted image 20260813174228.png]] +"Unlike starch, the phospholipid bilayer (aka the cell membrane) is not made up of linked monomers. Instead, it is made of multiple monomers that are packed tightly against each other." + +"_**Key Takeaway:** Lipids are nonpolar, hydrophobic macromolecules. Lipid polymers are special in that they are not a repeating series of monomers, unlike the polymers from the other macromolecule groups._" +# Function +ap bio important lipids: +* Steroids - hormones +* Fats - insulation and energy storage +* Phospholipids - forms cell membranes +* Cholesterol - structural stability to animal cell membranes +hormones are molecules that travel through the body and incite certain chemical reactions in certain cells. +![[Pasted image 20260813174454.png]] +lipid because lots of carbons and hydrogens + +second function of lipids is to form cell membranes, primarily done by phospholipid which have a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head. polar/nonpolar natures makes them great for cell membranes. +![[Pasted image 20260813174636.png]] +"As you can see, the head of the phospholipid contains lots of different atoms that contribute to it being hydrophilic. However, the tail only consists of a hydrocarbon chain. This is what gives phospholipids their dual nature. In a cell membrane, the heads of the phospholipids face the outside and inside of the cell, which are water-filled environments, whereas the tails face each other, creating a bilayer. (Q3) Below is a visual representation:" +![[Pasted image 20260813174945.png]] + +cholesterol provides stability to cell membranes +unique property is that phospholipids can be saturated or unsaturated, term refers to kinks and bends in hydrophobic tails. +![[Pasted image 20260813175101.png]] +when unsaturated fatty acids are present, they are liquid, when saturated fats are there, theyre solid because saturated fatty acids pack together well + +we dont freeze in cold environments because our cell membranes contain unsaturated fats in bilayers, preventing them from freezing, while saturated fats contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. + +unsaturated fatty acids contain atleast one double bond between carbon, which causes carbon chain to kink, somehow preventing lipids from freezing together. more kinks = more resistant to freezing = more liquid at room temp + +fats are lipids, and help with energy storage and insulation, and we need em despite the people saying fats are ugly and suck + +"_**Key Takeaway:** Hormones are lipids that are used in long-distance cell-to-cell communication. Phospholipids form bilayers to make up cell membranes; their hydrophilic heads face the outside and inside of the cell, and their tails face inwards. Phospholipids can be saturated or unsaturated. Unsaturated phospholipids are less prone to freezing, which is why they are present in cell membranes._" +# Summary + +Structure: Varies. Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. + +Monomer / Polymer Name: N/A + +Function: Long-term energy storage, hormones used in long-distance cellular signaling, phospholipids make up the bilayer in the cell membrane \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/biology/Chemistry of Life/Nucleic Acids.md b/biology/Chemistry of Life/Nucleic Acids.md index 17cf604..1cc5151 100644 --- a/biology/Chemistry of Life/Nucleic Acids.md +++ b/biology/Chemistry of Life/Nucleic Acids.md @@ -1 +1,28 @@ -[[Macromolecules]] \ No newline at end of file +[[Macromolecules]] + +# General Overview +essentially stores information, 2 types, dna (deoxyribonucleic acid) and rna (ribonucleic acid) + +# Structure +dna and rna polymers consist of nucleotide chains called strands. + +2 distinct ends, one with 5' and one with 3', called five prime end and three prime end respectively. the five prime end has a phosphate and a three prime end with a hydroxyl group. when nucleic acids are synthesized, nucleotides are covalently bonded to the 3' end. + +dna is composed of 2 antiparralel strands, one runs 3' to 5', the other opposite. each strand is repeating nucleotide monomers. rna is just one strand. + +![[Pasted image 20260813171126.png]] + +each nucleotide has a backbone of sugar phosphate and a nitrogenous base. dnas have deoxyribose sugars while rnas have ribose sugars. they are both pentose, which means 5 carbons, and deoxyribose has one less oxygen at the second carbon. + +nucleotides have one of five nitrogenous bases, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. thymine is only in dna, uracil is only in rna. +![[Pasted image 20260813171538.png]] +the image shows a dna, with there being a deoxyribose backbone and nucleotides which are connected via hydrogen bonds, making them easy to separate when needed. + +adenine pairs with thymine (apple in the tree), guanine pairs with cytosine (car in the garage), in rna adenine pairs with uracil (apple in a uracil?) + +# Summary + +|Nucleic Acid|# of strands|Sugar|Nitrogenous Bases| +|---|---|---|---| +|DNA|2|deoxyribose|Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Thymine| +|RNA|1|ribose|Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Uracil| \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/math/multivariable calculus.md b/math/multivariable calculus.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e5e4464 --- /dev/null +++ b/math/multivariable calculus.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +[[calculus]] +calculus but with multiple independent variables \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/math/partial derivative.md b/math/partial derivative.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..faecb6b --- /dev/null +++ b/math/partial derivative.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +[[multivariable calculus]] + +derivatives in respect to other variables + +$\frac{\partial}{\partial x}x^2y=2xy$ diff --git a/physics/plancks constant.md b/physics/plancks constant.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..19f18ce --- /dev/null +++ b/physics/plancks constant.md @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +[[quantum mechanics]] +denoted as $h$, equal to 6.62607015 × 10⁻³⁴ joule-seconds (J·s) + +reduced plancks constant is $\hbar$, which is equal to $\frac{h}{2\pi}\approx 1.054571817 \times 10^{-34}$ + +used to relate a photons frequency to energy via $E=hf$ diff --git a/physics/quantum mechanics.md b/physics/quantum mechanics.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..225f1dd --- /dev/null +++ b/physics/quantum mechanics.md @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +[[physics]] +"Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics, is the fundamental physical theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; the behaviors it models typically occur at and below the scale of atoms, and have been described as peculiar and mysterious." + diff --git a/physics/schrodinger equations.md b/physics/schrodinger equations.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3aa399c --- /dev/null +++ b/physics/schrodinger equations.md @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +[[quantum mechanics]] + +time independent equation: +$$\hat{H}\psi = E\psi$$