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Active transport uses ATP. +* Concentration gradients store potential energy and let cells keep internal conditions different from outside. +* Endocytosis and exocytosis move a lot of material and require energy. +* Direction of movement (high to low/low to high) is the fastest clue to if it's using active or passive. +* Cells use multiple transport types to maintain levels of solute and water. + +Larger movements of water require proteins called aquaporins. + +| Molecule Type | Examples | Can Cross Freely? | Needs Transport Protein? | +| --------------------- | -------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------------ | +| Small nonpolar | O₂, CO₂, N₂ | Yes | No | +| Small polar uncharged | H₂O, NH₃ | Yes (small amounts) | Yes (large amounts) | +| Large polar | Glucose, amino acids | No | Yes | +| Ions | Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, Ca²⁺ | No | Yes | +# Concentration Gradients +Selective permeability allows cells to build concentration gradients, which exist when a substance has different concentrations of a substance on either side. + +Allows for storing potential energy, drive passive transport, and maintain internal conditions separate from the outside. + +# Passive Transport +1. Simple Diffusion + * Molecules move straight through the membrane + * Works for small non-polars +2. Facilitated Diffusion + * Still moves down gradient (high to low) + * Requires transport or channel proteins + * Used for polar molecules or ions +3. Osmosis + * Diffusion of water across the selectively permeable membrane + * Moves from low to high (refers to solute concentrations) + * Aquaporins speed up water movement + +# Active Transport +Requires direct input of energy (usually ATP). + +* Uses membrane proteins, often called pumps +* Important for processes like nerve function and nutrient absorption +* Uses ATP +* Can create concentration gradients + +|Transport Type|Energy Required?|Direction|Examples| +|---|---|---|---| +|Simple Diffusion|No|High to Low|O₂, CO₂| +|Facilitated Diffusion|No|High to Low|Glucose, amino acids| +|Active Transport|Yes (ATP)|Low to High|Na⁺/K⁺ pump, calcium pumps| +1. Selective permability creates control +2. Active transport allows for creating concentration gradients +3. Passive transport allows for equilibrium +4. Maintaining water and solute levels is vital to an organism + +# Transport of Large Molecules + +![[Pasted image 20260817123835.png]] + +Exocytosis (moving stuff out): +* Internal vesicles fuse to plasma membrane +* Requires energy +* Is then secreted outside +* Used for secreting things like hormones + +Endocytosis (bringing stuff in): +* Plasma membrane folds inwards and create vesicle +* Requires energy +* Vesicle pinches off and enters +Three main types of endocytosis: +1. Phagocytosis + * Cell engulfs large molecules or microorganisms + * Creates food vacuoles + * Common for white blood cells that take in bacteria +2. Pinocytosis + * Cell takes in liquid with dissolved substances + * Non specific: brings in whatever is liquid +3. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis + * Specific: only brings in molecules that bind to receptors + * Receptors clustered in coated pits that form vesicles + * Examples: cholesterol uptake, insulin uptake \ No newline at end of file