diff --git a/.obsidian/workspace.json b/.obsidian/workspace.json
index 6a2b902..fa61cd9 100644
--- a/.obsidian/workspace.json
+++ b/.obsidian/workspace.json
@@ -209,34 +209,30 @@
"state": {
"type": "markdown",
"state": {
- "file": "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/3 Classification of Prokaryotes.md",
+ "file": "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/12 Animalia.md",
"mode": "source",
"source": false
},
"icon": "lucide-file",
- "title": "3 Classification of Prokaryotes"
+ "title": "12 Animalia"
+ }
+ },
+ {
+ "id": "c2d413adb3f9f6c6",
+ "type": "leaf",
+ "state": {
+ "type": "markdown",
+ "state": {
+ "file": "Genetic Introduction.md",
+ "mode": "source",
+ "source": false
+ },
+ "icon": "lucide-file",
+ "title": "Genetic Introduction"
}
}
],
- "currentTab": 14
- },
- {
- "id": "4d3d20436ed97a2e",
- "type": "tabs",
- "children": [
- {
- "id": "adaa13b785745e5e",
- "type": "leaf",
- "pinned": true,
- "state": {
- "type": "graph",
- "state": {},
- "pinned": true,
- "icon": "lucide-git-fork",
- "title": "Graph view"
- }
- }
- ]
+ "currentTab": 15
}
],
"direction": "vertical"
@@ -402,45 +398,45 @@
"obsidian-git:Open Git source control": false
}
},
- "active": "7d9a10de83639454",
+ "active": "c2d413adb3f9f6c6",
"lastOpenFiles": [
- "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/5 Classification (taxonomy) and Kingdoms.md",
- "root.md",
- "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/7 Species concepts and Evidence for Relatedness.md",
- "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/7 Species Concepts and Evidence for Relatedness 1.md",
- "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/3 Classification of Prokaryotes.md",
- "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/2 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells.md",
- "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/1 Viruses.md",
- "Tasks.md",
- "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/8 Levels of Biodiversity.md",
- "Assets/Pasted image 20260929112116.png",
- "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/9 Plants.md",
- "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/8 Kingdom Protista.md",
- "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology.md",
+ "Pasted image 20261013105105.png",
"biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/12 Animalia.md",
+ "physics/Force and Translational Dynamics/Forces and Freebody Diagrams.md",
+ "physics/Force and Translational Dynamics/Force and Translational Dynamics.md",
+ "physics/Force and Translational Dynamics/Conservation of Energy.md",
+ "physics/Force and Translational Dynamics/Circular Motion.md",
+ "physics/Force and Translational Dynamics/Newton's Third Law.md",
+ "physics/Force and Translational Dynamics/Spring Force.md",
+ "physics/Force and Translational Dynamics/System and Center of Mass.md",
+ "Genetic Introduction.md",
+ "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/2 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells.md",
+ "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/3 Classification of Prokaryotes.md",
+ "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/7 Species concepts and Evidence for Relatedness.md",
+ "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/5 Classification (taxonomy) and Kingdoms.md",
+ "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/8 Levels of Biodiversity.md",
+ "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/8 Protista.md",
+ "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/9 Plants.md",
"biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/10 Fungi.md",
+ "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/1 Viruses.md",
+ "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology.md",
+ "biology/biology.md",
+ "Pasted image 20261007221643.png",
+ "Pasted image 20261007221632.png",
+ "root.md",
+ "biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/7 Species Concepts and Evidence for Relatedness 1.md",
+ "Tasks.md",
+ "Assets/Pasted image 20260929112116.png",
"literacy/buzzwords.md",
"Assets/Pasted image 20261001110549.png",
"Assets/Pasted image 20261001110522.png",
"Assets/Pasted image 20261001110343.png",
"Assets/Pasted image 20261001105644.png",
"biology/Cell Structure and Function/Cell Structure and Function.md",
- "biology/Chemistry of Life/Lipids.md",
- "physics/Thermodynamics/Thermal Energy Transfer and Equilibrium.md",
- "literacy/fallacies.md",
- "literacy/literacy.md",
"Assets/Pasted image 20260929112553.png",
- "chemistry/Organic Chemistry/Hydrocarbons.md",
"Assets/Pasted image 20260924105000.png",
"Assets/Pasted image 20260924105525.png",
- "Assets/Pasted image 20260924105030.png",
- "biology/Chemistry of Life/Proteins.md",
- "biology/Chemistry of Life/structure of water and hydrogen bonding.md",
- "biology/Chemistry of Life/Nucleic Acids.md",
- "biology/Chemistry of Life/Macromolecules.md",
- "physics/Modern Physics/Bohr Model of Atomic Structure.md",
"chemistry/Organic Chemistry",
- "Assets/Pasted image 20260915104440.png",
"physics/Modern Physics",
"Excalidraw",
"biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology",
diff --git a/Genetic Introduction.md b/Genetic Introduction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a68d85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Genetic Introduction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
+
+Human body cells have 46 chromosomes.
+
+Chromosome 23 is a sex chromosomes.
+First 22 chromosomes are autosomes.
+
+First chromatid of first pair is taken in metaphase, organised picture of chromosomes.
+
+DNA is the molecule that holds information.
+Chromosomes are structures that consist of DNA and associated proteins.
+
+DNA wraps around histones and forms nucleosomes.
+Nucleotide has 1 phosphate, base, and deoxyribose sugar.
+
+4 different bases.
+Adenine compliments thymine.
+Cytosine compliments guanine.
+
+Genes are sections of DNA that instructs cells to make proteins.
+Chromosomes are chromatins but more curly to be more condense and sturdy.
+
+Sperm and egg should have 23 chromosomes, zygote (fertilized egg) should have 46.
+
+Interphase is when all cell functions occur, DNA replicates, and the cell goes through G1, synthesis, and G2.
+Prophase is when chromatin condenses, nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles move, and spindle fibers form.
+Metaphase is when spindle fibers pull double stranded chromosomes to center of cells.
+Anaphase is when spindle fibers contract and pull sister chromatids apart. Single stranded chomosomes start migrating to opposite sides.
+Telophase is when single stranded chromosomes arrive at opposite sides, nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear, and spindle fibers disappear.
+Cytokinesis is when cell splits into 2 identical daughter cells.
+
+Homologous chromosomes have the same gene but aren't identical. Same length, centromere location, and banding pattern. One from each parent.
+
+Allele are different version of a gene.
+
+Haploids (n) are one set of chromosomes.
+Diploids (2n) are two sets of chromosomes.
+One set from sperm, one from egg.
+Humans have 46 chromosomes, 23 chromosomes per set.
+
+Meiosis is the process of producing cells with half the number chromosomes of parent cells. Increases genetic variation, different combinations of alleles.
+
+Process of meiosis:
+Interphase involves growth of cell and replication of chromosomes.
+
+Prophase I.
+Synapsis is when the homologous chromosomes pair up.
+Crossover occurs. Non sister chromatids exchange information (homologous chromosome).
+Centrosomes move to opposite sides, spindle forms (nuclear membrane disappears, chromosomes coil).
+Tetrad is a pair of homologous chromosomes/bivalent.
+
+Metaphase I.
+Homologous pairs (tetrad) line up along equator of cells.
+![[Pasted image 20261013105105.png|496]]
+Cross over has already occured in prophase I.
+In mitosis they aren't lined up accross from their pair.
+Spindle fibers attach to centromeres of each homologous chromosome.
+
+Anaphase I.
+Homologous chromosomes separate from each other, homologues of each bivalent separate. Sister chromatids are still attached unlike mitosis.
+Double stranded chromosomes start moving to opposite sides.
+
+Telephase I.
+Double stranded chromosomes arrive at opposite ends.
+Spindle fibers disappear.
+Chromosomes uncoil.
+Nuclear membrane reforms.
+
+Meiosis part 2 is just like mitosis.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Pasted image 20261007221632.png b/Pasted image 20261007221632.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1af2f6
Binary files /dev/null and b/Pasted image 20261007221632.png differ
diff --git a/Pasted image 20261007221643.png b/Pasted image 20261007221643.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0087e8d
Binary files /dev/null and b/Pasted image 20261007221643.png differ
diff --git a/Pasted image 20261013105105.png b/Pasted image 20261013105105.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b385379
Binary files /dev/null and b/Pasted image 20261013105105.png differ
diff --git a/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/1 Viruses.md b/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/1 Viruses.md
index e969c6f..325e0a6 100644
--- a/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/1 Viruses.md
+++ b/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/1 Viruses.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
-Non-living as:
+Non-living since:
* Not capable of surviving on its own.
* Acellular.
* No cytoplasm, ribosomes, or membrane bound organelles.
diff --git a/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/10 Fungi.md b/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/10 Fungi.md
index 2e96f32..83354ec 100644
--- a/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/10 Fungi.md
+++ b/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/10 Fungi.md
@@ -6,3 +6,8 @@
| Predatory | Have specialized structures for trapping prey. |
| Mutualistic | Have partnerships with other organisms, usually plants or protists.
Mycorrhiza: Mutual relationship with plants.
Lichen: Mutual with algae/cyanobacteria. |
| Saprobial | Feed on dead organisms or decaying waste. |
+Morphology:
+- Hyphae: One or more fungi cells, structural unit.
+- Mycelium: Mass of hyphae.
+- Fruiting body: Reproductive structure in fungi where spores are produced.
+![[Pasted image 20261007221632.png|343]]![[Pasted image 20261007221643.png|302]]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/3 Classification of Prokaryotes.md b/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/3 Classification of Prokaryotes.md
index 46b32d4..57b90fe 100644
--- a/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/3 Classification of Prokaryotes.md
+++ b/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/3 Classification of Prokaryotes.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
+ [[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
# Classification
* Living things:
* Archaea:
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ On a quiz, describe shapes and such by size and DNA, eg Coccus prokaryotic cells
| Bacteria | Has a peptidoglycan cell wall |
| | |
## Staining (Not for Archaea - Only Bacteria)
-* 1884, Hans Gram used a stain (now called Gram stain) that allowed bacteria distances to be seen.
+1884, Hans Gram used a stain (now called Gram stain) that allowed bacteria distances to be seen.
* Gram positive: Has a thick peptidoglycan cell wall and stained purple (eg Streptococcus pneumoniae).
* Gram negative: has a thin peptidoglycan cell wall + extra membrane and stained pink (eg Neisseria meningitis)
diff --git a/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/8 Kingdom Protista.md b/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/8 Protista.md
similarity index 98%
rename from biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/8 Kingdom Protista.md
rename to biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/8 Protista.md
index 532d310..74fe270 100644
--- a/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/8 Kingdom Protista.md
+++ b/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/8 Protista.md
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Classification:
* Can be unicellular or multicellular.
* Fungus-like:
* Absorbs nutrients from other organisms.
- * Heterotroph/decomposers, outer digestion.\
+ * Heterotroph/decomposers, outer digestion.
* Cell wall is not chitin.
* Examples are slime moulds and water moulds.
diff --git a/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/9 Plants.md b/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/9 Plants.md
index a272bd2..40619eb 100644
--- a/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/9 Plants.md
+++ b/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/9 Plants.md
@@ -50,16 +50,16 @@ Plant classification:
* Monocot:
* One cotyledon.
* Veins in parallel.
- * Vascular tissue arranged in circle.
- * Scattered vascular tissue.
+ * Root vascular tissue arranged in circle.
+ * Stem scattered vascular tissue.
* Petals multiple of 3.
* Fibrous.
* Examples include corn, grass, green onions.
* Dicot:
* Two cotyledons.
* Veins are branched.
- * Xylem arranged in star shape.
- * Vascular tissue arranged in ring.
+ * Root xylem arranged in star shape.
+ * Stem vascular tissue arranged in ring.
* Petals in multiples of 4 or 5.
* Taproot.
* Examples include carrots and dandelions.