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Human body cells have 46 chromosomes. Chromosome 23 is a sex chromosomes. diff --git a/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/Gregor Mendel and Monohybrid Cross.md b/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/Gregor Mendel and Monohybrid Cross.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9f321bb --- /dev/null +++ b/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/Gregor Mendel and Monohybrid Cross.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]] +Traits are genetic characteristics. +Alleles are alternate forms of a gene. +Genotypes are the genetic make up of an organism. +Phenotypes are traits that get expresssed. +Homozyhous are 2 identical alleles of a gene. +Heterozygous are 2 different alleles of a gene. + +Gregor Mendel crossed 2 pea plants, of which were green and yellow, and expected the result to be greenish yellow. The resultings peas were yellow. He concluded that there is no blending effect. + +Gregor Mendel then crossed the yellows with the yellows, and the resulting was 6000 yellows and 2000 greens. The conclusion is that even if one train disappeared in F1 generation, it may reappear. Therefore there must bee 2 factors for each trait. These factors must segregate during meiosis. + +Dominance is a trait that always appears, example being brown hair. +Recessive is a trait that only appears if both alleles of this trait is inherited. + +Mendel's laws: +* Law of segregation: Each organism has 2 factors for each trait (2 alleles). During meiosis, each factor must separate. +* Law of independent assortment: Inheritance of 1 trait foes not influence the inheritance of another. +Punnet square, used to predict possible genotypes and phenotypic possibilities. +Requires let statment, P, and gametes, tic tac toe board, genotypes and phenotypes. + +Example begin: +Monohybrid cross: + +Must use uppercase for dominant and lowercase for recessive. +Let statement: +1 trait = abilitiy to taste. +Let T rep better tasting allele. +Let t rep no bitter tasting allele. + +P1 genotype: + TT x tt +homozygous taste cannot taste + +Gametes: +F1 (filial I generation) +![[Pasted image 20261019112113.png|391]] +Genotypes: +100% Tt + +Phenotypes: +100% can taste bitterness. + +AFTER INCESTING TWO OF THESE + +$P_2$: Tt x Tt + +![[Pasted image 20261019112757.png]] Genotypes: +25% TT +50% Tt +25% tt + +Phenotypes: +75% can taste bitterness. +25% can't taste bitterness. + + +Example concluded. + +Autosomal traits are any traits found on chromosome 1-22. +Carriers are people having a recessive allele. +Sex linked traits are any traits found on sex chromosomes. +X+Y are not homologous. +X-linked means it's found on X chromosome. +Y-linked means it's found on Y chromosome. + +Colorblindness is recessive and found on X chromosome. +Hemophilia is the inability to clot blood and is found on the X chromosome. +Hairy ears is a Y-linked. + +Example begin: +Let: +$X^h$= hemophilia allele +$X^H$= no hemophilia +$Y$= represents Y allele + +$P_1$:$X^HX^h$ x $X^HY$mop +gametes: ($X^H$) ($X^h$) x -($X^h$) -($Y$) + +| | -($X^h$) | -($Y$) | +| ------- | -------- | ------ | +| ($X^H$) | $X^HX^H$ | $X^HY$ | +| ($X^h$) | $X^HX^h$ | $X^hY$ | +Genotypes: +25% $X^HX^H$ +25% $X^HX^h$ +25% $X^HY$ +25% $X^hY$ + +Phenotype: +50% female + no hemophilia +0% female + hemophilia +25% male + no hemophilia +25% male + hemophilia \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/Mutations.md b/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/Mutations.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ced443c --- /dev/null +++ b/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/Mutations.md @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]] +Mutation is any change to DNA in a cell. +If a mutation occurs in a germ cell, it well get passed on to the next generation. +Mutations aren't necessarily a detriment, it can also be beneficial or have no effect (silent mutations). + +Four main types of chromosome changes are: +- Deletion, where a segment is deleted from the chromosome. +- Translocation, which is crossover between non homologous chromosomes +- Inversion, where a section is inverted 180 degrees. +- Duplication, where a section is repeated. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/Other patterns of inheritance.md b/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/Other patterns of inheritance.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ddd6d7e --- /dev/null +++ b/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/Other patterns of inheritance.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]] + +Incomplete dominance is when neither allele is dominant, therefore a heterozygous will have intermediate phenotypes between that of its homozygous parents. + +Example being two flours homozygous red flowers and homozygous white flowers producing pink flowers. +If you then breed these pink flowers together, there's 25% chance of red flowers, 25% chance for white flowers and 50% chance of pink flowers. + +Co dominance is when both alleles are dominant. Therefore a heterozygous will have both alleles fully expressed. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis.md b/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ce75f1f --- /dev/null +++ b/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]] +![[Pasted image 20261015104528.png]] +![[Pasted image 20261015104509.png]]Non-disjunction is the failure of chromosomes seperating. +Aneuploidy is when the number of chromosomes is incorrect. +Trisomy is an extra chromosome. +Monosomy is missing chromosomes. +Polyploidy are extra set(s) of chromosomes. +Triploidy is 3 sets of chromosomes (3n). +Tetraploidy is 4 sets of chromosomes (4n). +Octaploidy is 8 sets of chromosomes (8n). + +Trisomy 21 is Down's syndrome. +Trisomy 18 is Edward's syndrome. +Trisomy 13 is Patau's syndrome. +47 XXY is Klinefelter's syndrome. +47 XYY is Jacob's syndrome. \ No newline at end of file