From e4aa8738bb9535c94b801c9f322538ee31b5fc3d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: johnruina Date: Mon, 17 Aug 2026 14:29:09 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] 2026-08-17 14:29:08: Cell Compartmentalization --- .obsidian/workspace.json | 40 +++++++++++-- Biology AP Exam Tips.md | 2 + .../Cell Compartmentalization.md | 60 +++++++++++++++++++ .../Origins of Cell Compartmentalization.md | 10 ++-- 4 files changed, 101 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) create mode 100644 Biology AP Exam Tips.md create mode 100644 biology/Cell Structure and Function/Cell Compartmentalization.md diff --git a/.obsidian/workspace.json b/.obsidian/workspace.json index a101558..b968432 100644 --- a/.obsidian/workspace.json +++ b/.obsidian/workspace.json @@ -230,9 +230,37 @@ "icon": "lucide-file", "title": "Mechanisms of Transport" } + }, + { + "id": "6f76b2621e2c4c8a", + "type": "leaf", + "state": { + "type": "markdown", + "state": { + "file": "biology/Cell Structure and Function/Cell Compartmentalization.md", + "mode": "source", + "source": false + }, + "icon": "lucide-file", + "title": "Cell Compartmentalization" + } + }, + { + "id": "923a0a3d0dbdab4d", + "type": "leaf", + "state": { + "type": "markdown", + "state": { + "file": "biology/Cell Structure and Function/Origins of Cell Compartmentalization.md", + "mode": "source", + "source": false + }, + "icon": "lucide-file", + "title": "Origins of Cell Compartmentalization" + } } ], - "currentTab": 15 + "currentTab": 17 }, { "id": "25da4f0a48a8e7cd", @@ -416,17 +444,19 @@ "obsidian-excalidraw-plugin:New drawing": false } }, - "active": "d0594e201045a677", + "active": "923a0a3d0dbdab4d", "lastOpenFiles": [ + "biology/Cell Structure and Function/Cell Compartmentalization.md", + "biology/Cell Structure and Function/Membrane Transport.md", + "Biology AP Exam Tips.md", + "biology/Cell Structure and Function/Mechanisms of Transport.md", "biology/Cell Structure and Function/Origins of Cell Compartmentalization.md", "biology/Cell Structure and Function/Cell Structure and Function.md", "biology/Cell Structure and Function/Facilitated Diffusion.md", - "biology/Cell Structure and Function/Membrane Transport.md", "biology/Cell Structure and Function/Tonicity and Osmoregulation.md", "biology/Chemistry of Life/Lipids.md", "physics/Work Energy and Power/Work.md", "physics/Work Energy and Power/Power.md", - "biology/Cell Structure and Function/Mechanisms of Transport.md", "Pasted image 20260817125829.png", "biology/Cell Structure and Function/Membrane Permeability.md", "biology/Cell Structure and Function/Plasma Membrane.md", @@ -449,8 +479,6 @@ "literacy/fallacies.md", "literacy/literacy.md", "physics/Work Energy and Power/Potential Energy.md", - "physics/Work Energy and Power/Translational Kinetic Energy.md", - "physics/Force and Translational Dynamics/Conservation of Energy.md", "Assets/Pasted image 20260816081041.png", "physics/Work Energy and Power", "Assets/Pasted image 20260816073410.png", diff --git a/Biology AP Exam Tips.md b/Biology AP Exam Tips.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..da10ba7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Biology AP Exam Tips.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +[[biology]] +* In the exam, always connect an organelle to a specific function \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/biology/Cell Structure and Function/Cell Compartmentalization.md b/biology/Cell Structure and Function/Cell Compartmentalization.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2d324af --- /dev/null +++ b/biology/Cell Structure and Function/Cell Compartmentalization.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +[[Cell Structure and Function]] + +Cell compartmentalization is how eukaryotic cells use membranes to separate specific metabolic processes and enzymatic reactions. + +# Summary +* Internal membranes help cells separate competing interactions and increase surface area where reactions occur +* Each organelle maintains its own conditions +* Folded membrane like mitochondrial cristae and chloroplast thylakoids pack more reaction surface into a small space +* Prokaryotes lack membrane bound organelles, so translation and transcription can occur in the same space +# Eukaryotic Organization: Separate Compartments for Separate Jobs +Eukaryotic cells have membranes, prokaryotic cells don't. Eukaryotic cells have organelles which are compartmentalized because they're surrounded by a membrane. + +# Nucleus +* Houses DNA and cell control +* Surrounded by a double membrane with nuclear pores for transport +* Creates a protected environment for DNA storage and RNA production +* Separates transcription (making DNA from RNA) from translation (making proteins from RNA) +# Endoplasmic Reticulum +* Rough ER creates specialized area for protein folding and quality control. Connects directly to nuclear membrane for efficient RNA transport. +* Smooth ER no ribosomes, specializes in lipid production and detoxification. Separate environment for lipid synthesis enzymes, stores calcium ions in a controlled safe space. +# Golgi Apparatus +* Receives proteins from ER and modifies them +* Sorts and packages proteins into vesicles for delivery +* Works a sequential processing line with enzymes in different cisternae +* Different cisternae have different conditions for different processing steps +# Lysosomes +* Contains hydrolytic enzymes that work best in acidic environments +* Breaks down cellular waste, old organelles, and foreign material +* Keeps destructive enzymes safely contained +# Mitochondria +* Generates ATP from aerobic respiration +* Double membrane, outer is smooth and protective, inner is folded into a cristae to increase SA +* Contains own DNA and ribosomes (evidence they evolved from once free living prokaryotes) +# Peroxisomes +* Breaks down fatty acids and toxic molecules +* Enzymes that produce and break down hydrogen peroxide +* Safe contained place for these dangerous reactions +# Vacuoles +* Stores nutrients waste products and water +* Helps maintain turgor pressure in plant cells +* Isolated environment for materials that might hamper other processes + +# Why Compartmentalization Improves Efficiency +* Creates specialized environments (e.g. enzymes like acidic environments, others don't) +* Increases surface area for reactions +* Separates competing reactions, some processes would interfere with others +* Allows proteins to go where they're needed as the membranes hold proteins +* Prokaryotic cells can do translation and transcription in the same region because they lack compartmentalization, limiting how complex they can become. + +| Term | Definition | +| ------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| compartmentalization | The division of the eukaryotic cell into distinct membrane-bound regions that separate different metabolic processes and enzymatic reactions. | +| enzymatic reaction | Chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes that occur within specific cellular compartments to facilitate metabolic processes. | +| eukaryotic cell | Cells that contain a membrane-bound nucleus and internal membrane-bound organelles, found in animals, plants, fungi, and protists. | +| internal membrane | Membranes within eukaryotic cells that divide the cell into compartments with specialized functions. | +| intracellular metabolic process | Chemical reactions and pathways that occur within the cell to build up or break down molecules for energy and biosynthesis. | +| membrane-bound organelle | Specialized structures within eukaryotic cells enclosed by a membrane that perform specific cellular functions. | +| membrane-bound structure | Organelles and compartments in eukaryotic cells that are enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane, separating their contents from the cytoplasm. | +| organelle | Membrane-bound or non-membrane-bound structures within eukaryotic cells that perform specific cellular functions. | +| surface area | The total area of a membrane available for chemical reactions and cellular processes to occur. | \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/biology/Cell Structure and Function/Origins of Cell Compartmentalization.md b/biology/Cell Structure and Function/Origins of Cell Compartmentalization.md index 7c163d7..1467ec1 100644 --- a/biology/Cell Structure and Function/Origins of Cell Compartmentalization.md +++ b/biology/Cell Structure and Function/Origins of Cell Compartmentalization.md @@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound nucleus and other organelles, while prokaryotic lacks these and has DNA free in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotic properties: -* Nucleoid region - circular dna not wrapped in membranes +* Nucleoid region - circular DNA not wrapped in membranes * Ribosomes - protein making structures that are smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes -* Plasmids - small rings of extra dna separate from the main chromosome +* Plasmids - small rings of extra DNA separate from the main chromosome * Inclusion bodies - storage for nutrients * Thylakoid membrane - in photosynthetic bacteria, membranes that capture light Eukaryotic properties: -* Nucleus - hold and protect dna +* Nucleus - hold and protect DNA * Mitochondria - site of aerobic cellular respiration * Chloroplast - site of photosynthesis * Endoplasmic reticulum - protein and lipid synthesis, as well as transportation @@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ Engulfed cells helped the big cell survive, so cells with these internal partner ## Evidence for Endosymbiosis Strongest evidence is that chloroplast and mitochondria look like the bacteria they came from. -* mitochondria and chloroplast carry their own dna, and it's circular like the bacteria +* mitochondria and chloroplast carry their own DNA, and it's circular like the bacteria * both have double membranes, one from the original prokaryotic cells and another for when the plasma engulfed it. -* same size as bacteria and split seperately from rest of cell +* same size as bacteria and split separately from rest of cell * ribosomes are more like bacteria ribosomes than the host cell ribosomes * some make their own proteins ![[Pasted image 20260816073410.png]]