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|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
"audio-recorder:Start/stop recording": false,
|
"audio-recorder:Start/stop recording": false,
|
||||||
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|
||||||
"obsidian-excalidraw-plugin:New drawing": false
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|
||||||
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|
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
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||||||
"Physics/quantum mechanics.md",
|
"Assets/Pasted image 20260924105525.png",
|
||||||
"Physics/plancks constant.md",
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"Assets/Pasted image 20260924105030.png",
|
||||||
"Physics/Physics AP Exam Tips.md",
|
"biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/5 Classification (taxonomy) and Kingdoms.md",
|
||||||
"Physics/Fluids/Fluid and Conservation Laws.md",
|
"biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/7 Species concepts and Evidence for Relatedness.md",
|
||||||
"Physics/Fluids/Pressure.md",
|
"biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/3 Classification of Prokaryotes.md",
|
||||||
"Physics/Fluids/Internal Structure and Density.md",
|
"biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/2 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells.md",
|
||||||
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|
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||||||
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"literacy/buzzwords.md",
|
||||||
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|
"literacy/fallacies.md",
|
||||||
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|
"literacy/literacy.md",
|
||||||
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||||||
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||||||
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|
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|
||||||
"Physics/Torque and Rotational Dynamics/Torque.md",
|
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|
||||||
"Physics/Fluids/Fluid and Newton Laws.md",
|
"biology/Chemistry of Life/Lipids.md",
|
||||||
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|
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|
||||||
"Physics/Torque and Rotational Dynamics/Connecting Linear and Rotational Motion.md",
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"root.md",
|
||||||
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||||||
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|
||||||
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|
"chemistry/Organic Chemistry/Classifying Organic Compounds.md",
|
||||||
"Physics/Fluids/Fluids.md",
|
"biology/Cell Structure and Function/Origins of Cell Compartmentalization.md",
|
||||||
"Biology/Biology.md",
|
"biology/biology.md",
|
||||||
"Chemistry/Chemistry.md",
|
"Hydrocarbons.md",
|
||||||
"Literacy/Literacy.md",
|
"physics/quantum mechanics.md",
|
||||||
"Physics/Fluids",
|
"Tasks.md",
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||||||
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|
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|
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"Pasted image 20260817121102.png",
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"Assets/Pasted image 20260817103921.png",
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"physics/Electric Circuits",
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||||||
"Assets/Pasted image 20260816081041.png",
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|
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||||||
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|
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||||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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||||||
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---
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
excalidraw-plugin: parsed
|
||||||
|
tags: [excalidraw]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
---
|
||||||
|
==⚠ Switch to EXCALIDRAW VIEW in the MORE OPTIONS menu of this document. ⚠== You can decompress Drawing data with the command palette: 'Decompress current Excalidraw file'. For more info check in plugin settings under 'Saving'
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Drawing
|
||||||
|
```compressed-json
|
||||||
|
N4IgLgngDgpiBcIYA8DGBDANgSwCYCd0B3EAGhADcZ8BnbAewDsEAmcm+gV31TkQAswYKDXgB6MQHNsYfpwBGAOlT0AtmIBeNCtlQbs6RmPry6uA4wC0KDDgLFLUTJ2lH8MTDHQ0YNMWHRJMRZFFgBWRQBmMiRPVRhGMBoEAG0AXXJ0KCgAZQCwPlBJfDwc7A0+Rk5MTHIdGCIAIXRUAGtirkZcAGF6THp8BBAAYgAzcYmQAF8poA===
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
%%
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Organic Chemistry]]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons, composed solely of carbon and hydrogen.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Non-polar, as they contain only hydrogen and carbon.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
They are classified as aromatic or aliphatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbons have carbon atoms bonded in chains or rings, including straight chains and cyclic alkenes, alkanes and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons based on aromatic benzene group.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Alkanes are hydrocarbons that only contain single bonds, alkenes contain double bonds and alkynes contain triple bonds.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Alkanes in the shape of a ring are called cycloalkanes. Alkanes not in the shape of rings have formula $C_nH_{2n+2}$. Cycloalkanes are in the shape of rings and have the formula $C_nH_{2n}$. Straight chain alkenes with one double bond have the same formula as cycloalkanes. Straight chain alkynes with one triple bond have the formula $C_nH_{2n-2}$.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Functional groups are groups of reactive bonded atoms that appear in all members of a family. Reactive double bonds are the functional group of alkenes.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Naming Organic Compounds
|
||||||
|
Naming organic compounds usually follows the pattern of prefix + root + suffix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Root names:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
| Number of Carbon atoms | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|
||||||
|
| ---------------------- | ---- | --- | ---- | --- | ---- | --- | ---- | --- | --- | --- |
|
||||||
|
| Root | meth | eth | prop | but | pent | hex | hept | oct | non | dec |
|
||||||
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
|
|||||||
stuff needed to be done
|
stuff needed to be done
|
||||||
|
- [ ] print a robot arm
|
||||||
- [ ] ⏫ 📅 2026-09-01🛫 2026-08-15 FINISH STUDYING AP BIOLOGY ATLEAST
|
- [ ] write a scientific paper
|
||||||
- [ ] 🔽 FINISH DOING SOMETHING WITH THE ESP 32
|
- [ ] make a human brain model using c++
|
||||||
- [ ] 🔼 GRAB THAT 3D PRINTER
|
- [ ] vulkan maybe? dont care too much for it
|
||||||
|
- [ ] unreal engine maybe?
|
||||||
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|
|||||||
|
[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
|
||||||
|
Species is a group in organism that interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring. Gaps though, bacteria don't sexually reproduce, and there are separate species that are able to mate and create fertile children.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Three types of species.
|
||||||
|
* Morphological Species:
|
||||||
|
* Studies shape, size, physics, structural features.
|
||||||
|
* Simple, quick.
|
||||||
|
* Most populations have variation.
|
||||||
|
* Biological Species:
|
||||||
|
* Ability to reproduce in nature and produce fertile offspring.
|
||||||
|
* Most commonly accepted definition, objective.
|
||||||
|
* Can't test on asexually reproducing, extinct, and/or physically separated organisms.
|
||||||
|
* Phylogenetic:
|
||||||
|
* Studies evolutionary history and relationships among organisms.
|
||||||
|
* Can be applied to extinct species.
|
||||||
|
* Not all evolutionary histories are known.
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
|
||||||
|
Characteristics:
|
||||||
|
* Mainly unicellular
|
||||||
|
* Under Eukarya domain.
|
||||||
|
* Eukaryotic cells.
|
||||||
|
* Reproduces sexually and/or asexually.
|
||||||
|
* Diverse, not closely related.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Classification:
|
||||||
|
* Animal-like (protozoans):
|
||||||
|
* Heterotrophs.
|
||||||
|
* Can move.
|
||||||
|
* Plant-like:
|
||||||
|
* Autotrophs, can photosynthesize.
|
||||||
|
* Photoautotrophs.
|
||||||
|
* Some are capable of consuming other organisms when light is unavailable.
|
||||||
|
* Can be unicellular or multicellular.
|
||||||
|
* Fungus-like:
|
||||||
|
* Absorbs nutrients from other organisms.
|
||||||
|
* Heterotroph/decomposers, outer digestion.
|
||||||
|
* Cell wall is not chitin.
|
||||||
|
* Examples are slime moulds and water moulds.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
| Phylum | Characteristics | Example |
|
||||||
|
| ------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ----------------------------------- |
|
||||||
|
| Cercozoan | Pseudopods, temporary cytoplasmic extension for movement/feeding. | *Amoeba proteus* |
|
||||||
|
| Cilliophora | Cilia, short hair like extensions for sweeping food or movement. | *Paramecium caudatum* |
|
||||||
|
| Zoomastigma | Flagella, long tail like whip. | *Trichonympha* |
|
||||||
|
| Sporozoa | Vector, uses living organism to transmit infection from one organism to another. Parasitic to animals. | *Plasmodium vivax* (causes malaria) |
|
||||||
|
| Myxomycpta | Many nuculei, engulfs like amoeba. | Plasmodia |
|
||||||
|
| Acrasiomycota | Individual amoeboid cells, one nuculeus. | Cellular slime mold |
|
||||||
|
| Oomycota | Filamentous, resemble fungi, release enzymes to absorb nutrients. | *Water mold* |
|
||||||
|
Paramecium:
|
||||||
|
* Cilia.
|
||||||
|
* Asexual (binary fission/sexual.
|
||||||
|
* Gullet.
|
||||||
|
* Outer protein covering.
|
||||||
|
* Lives in water.
|
||||||
|
![[Pasted image 20260924105000.png|371]]
|
||||||
|
Amoeba:
|
||||||
|
* Pseudopods.
|
||||||
|
* Extension of cytoskeleton.
|
||||||
|
![[Pasted image 20260924105030.png]]
|
||||||
|
Euglenoids/Euglena:
|
||||||
|
* Plant-like protista.
|
||||||
|
* Flagella.
|
||||||
|
* Unicellular.
|
||||||
|
* Capable of ingesting nutrients.
|
||||||
|
![[Pasted image 20260924105525.png]]
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[biology]]
|
||||||
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Chemistry]]
|
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Organic Chemistry]]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon. It was originally classified as compounds originating from living beings, but a scientist made an organic compound inorganically using ammonium cyanate.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Carbon usually forms 4 covalent bonds. If a compound contains only single bonds, then it's saturated, unsaturated otherwise.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Carbons unique bonding allows it to form many shapes, including rings and chains.
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[chemistry]]
|
||||||
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Chemistry]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**"calculation of relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions"**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
avogardos numbers = $6.02*10^{23}$
|
|
||||||
n=mole=conversion factor=$6.02*10^{23}$ things (atoms/ions/molecules/formulaunits/etc)
|
|
||||||
1 pair = 2 things
|
|
||||||
1 dozen = 12 things
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
one atomic unit ~= 1 gram / avogardos number
|
|
||||||
avogardos number x atomic unit ~= 1 gram
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Matter and Chemical Bonding]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
covalents are sharing
|
|
||||||
ionics are giving
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Chemistry]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**main types**
|
|
||||||
synthesis
|
|
||||||
decomposition
|
|
||||||
single displacement
|
|
||||||
double displacement
|
|
||||||
combustion
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# synthesis
|
|
||||||
just two substances coming together to form a compound,
|
|
||||||
reactant + reactant ->
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# single displacement
|
|
||||||
requires the replacee to havea a lower activity series than the replacer
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Double Displacement
|
|
||||||
double displacement is a reaction of 2 compounds
|
|
||||||
pos and negs switch places to form new stuff
|
|
||||||
only works with ionics
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
only occurs if one of 3 propduces is formed
|
|
||||||
- percipitate (s)
|
|
||||||
- gas (g)
|
|
||||||
- covalent compound such as water (l)
|
|
||||||
# Combustion
|
|
||||||
is hydrocarbon react with oxygen to create co2 and h2o
|
|
||||||
@@ -1 +1 @@
|
|||||||
[[ROOT]]
|
[[root]]
|
||||||
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Matter and Chemical Bonding]]
|
|
||||||
how much attraction an element has to electrons
|
|
||||||
when bonded things different in electronegativity is too high, one basically steals the electron from the other forming an ionic bond, and if it's in the middle then it's polar, and if the difference isnt large than the 2 play nice and share it with a covalent
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Stoichiometry]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
empirical formulas are the simplest whole number ratio of atom in a substance
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
eg acetic acid and glucose share an empherical of ch_2o
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Stoichiometry]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
law of definite proportions states: the elements in a chemical compound are always present in the same proportion by mass
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
$percentcomposition=\frac{massofelement}{totalmassofcompound}*100%$
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Matter and Chemical Bonding]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
naming chemical compounds
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Chemistry]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
periods are rows
|
|
||||||
groups are columns
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Matter and Chemical Bonding]]
|
|
||||||
[[electronegativity]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
when 2 bonding atoms have an $\Delta$ EN greater than 0.5 and less than 1.7, it's a polar covalent bond
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
polar covalents have an imbalance of electrons, causing partial positive charges and partial negative charges, the atom with the stronger EN pulls the electron more but not enough to completely take it, making the electron closer and giving it a partial negative charge
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Chemistry]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**"a charged chemical species composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded or of a metal complex, that can be considered to be acting as a single unit"
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
H stable at a duet 2d
|
|
||||||
Be stable at a tetrad 4e
|
|
||||||
B stable at a sextet 6e
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
| **Name** | **Formula** |
|
|
||||||
| ---------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
|
||||||
| **Polyatomic ions (carrying negative charge)** | |
|
|
||||||
| Hydroxide | OH [Matter and Chemical Bonding]]<br><br>add or remove valence e according to charge<br><br>H stable at a duet 2d<br>Be stable at a tetrad 4e<br>B stable at a sextet 6e<br>all other elements in pe 1 and 2 require octets 8e (common ball)<br>per 3 and below can go above an octet (common ball)<br><br><br><br>– |
|
|
||||||
| Acetate | CH3COO – |
|
|
||||||
| Cyanide | CN – |
|
|
||||||
| Chlorate | ClO3 – |
|
|
||||||
| Chlorite | ClO2 – |
|
|
||||||
| Nitrate | NO3 – |
|
|
||||||
| Nitrite | NO2 – |
|
|
||||||
| Hypochlorite | OCl – |
|
|
||||||
| Hypobromite | OBr – |
|
|
||||||
| Iodate | IO3 – |
|
|
||||||
| Bisulphite | HSO3 – |
|
|
||||||
| Bisulphate | HSO4 – |
|
|
||||||
| Permanganate | MnO4 – |
|
|
||||||
| Thiocyanate | SCN – |
|
|
||||||
| Hydrogen carbonate | HCO 3– |
|
|
||||||
| Carbonate | CO3 2- |
|
|
||||||
| Sulphate | SO4 2- |
|
|
||||||
| Sulphite | SO3 2- |
|
|
||||||
| Oxalate | C2O4 2- |
|
|
||||||
| Silicate | SiO3 2- |
|
|
||||||
| Manganate | MnO4 2- |
|
|
||||||
| Thiosulphate | S2O3 2- |
|
|
||||||
| Chromate | CrO4 2- |
|
|
||||||
| Dichromate | Cr2O7 2- |
|
|
||||||
| Phosphate | PO4 3- |
|
|
||||||
| Phosphite | PO3 3- |
|
|
||||||
| Aluminate | AlO3 3- |
|
|
||||||
| Arsenite | AsO3 3- |
|
|
||||||
| Arsenate | AsO4 3- |
|
|
||||||
| Borate | BO3 3- |
|
|
||||||
| Pyrophosphate | P2O7 4- |
|
|
||||||
| **Polyatomic ions (carrying positive charge)** | |
|
|
||||||
| Ammonium | NH 4+ |
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## List of monatomic ions
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- The ions made of a single atom are called **simple ions or monatomic ions**.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
| **Name** | **Formula** |
|
|
||||||
| --------------------------------------------- | ----------- |
|
|
||||||
| **Monatomic ions (carrying positive charge)** | |
|
|
||||||
| Hydrogen | H+ |
|
|
||||||
| Potassium | K+ |
|
|
||||||
| Sodium | Na+ |
|
|
||||||
| Silver | Ag+ |
|
|
||||||
| Cuprous | Cu+ |
|
|
||||||
| Aurous | Au+ |
|
|
||||||
| Barium | Ba2+ |
|
|
||||||
| Calcium | Ca2+ |
|
|
||||||
| Magnesium | Mg2+ |
|
|
||||||
| Cupric | Cu2+ |
|
|
||||||
| Ferrous | Fe2+ |
|
|
||||||
| Stannous | Sn2+ |
|
|
||||||
| Mercuric | Hg2+ |
|
|
||||||
| Zinc | Zn2+ |
|
|
||||||
| Plumbous | Pb2+ |
|
|
||||||
| Aluminum | Al3+ |
|
|
||||||
| Ferric | Fe3+ |
|
|
||||||
| Auric | Au3+ |
|
|
||||||
| Arseneous | As3+ |
|
|
||||||
| Plumbic | Pb4+ |
|
|
||||||
| Stannic | Sn4+ |
|
|
||||||
| **Monatomic ions (carrying negative charge)** | |
|
|
||||||
| Chloride | Cl– |
|
|
||||||
| Bromide | Br – |
|
|
||||||
| Iodide | I– |
|
|
||||||
| Oxide | O2- |
|
|
||||||
| Sulphide | S2- |
|
|
||||||
| Nitride | N3- |
|
|
||||||
| Phosphide | P3- |
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[chemical reactions]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
shrimple little table to check how stuff reacts with other stuff,
|
|
||||||
- sol for soluble which means aqueous
|
|
||||||
- ppt for precipitate
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[chemical reactions]]
|
|
||||||
[[Matter and Chemical Bonding]]
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Matter and Chemical Bonding]]
|
|
||||||
each lone pair is E
|
|
||||||
A is central atom
|
|
||||||
X for each binded stuff
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
eg $H_2O$ is $AX_2E_2$
|
|
||||||
@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ vicissitude - change/ quality of changing
|
|||||||
banal - so common ball that it's annoying
|
banal - so common ball that it's annoying
|
||||||
atrophy - partial/completely wasting away of a part of body
|
atrophy - partial/completely wasting away of a part of body
|
||||||
impiety - lack of respect for something considered sacred
|
impiety - lack of respect for something considered sacred
|
||||||
|
unequivocally - in a way that leaves no doubt
|
||||||
|
magnanimous - great of soul
|
||||||
|
luculent - clear/easily understood/light/shining
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
mildly buzzy buzzwords
|
mildly buzzy buzzwords
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -20,4 +23,9 @@ incongruence - out of place/absurd
|
|||||||
olfactory - part of sensory system used for smells
|
olfactory - part of sensory system used for smells
|
||||||
nebulous - misty/foggy/mysterious
|
nebulous - misty/foggy/mysterious
|
||||||
umbra - dark area
|
umbra - dark area
|
||||||
exergy - useful energy
|
exergy - useful energy
|
||||||
|
incontrovertibly - undeniably
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Archaic Buzzwords:
|
||||||
|
Forsooth - indeed/in truth
|
||||||
|
Prithee - express a wish
|
||||||
+15
-8
@@ -1,10 +1,17 @@
|
|||||||
[[Literacy]]
|
[[Literacy]]
|
||||||
things you use in an argument with no bearing to logic or the argument
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ad hominem - insulting the other guy
|
| NAME | DESCRIPTION |
|
||||||
ad lapidem - alex special, saying no without an argument
|
| -------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||||||
fallacy fallacy - calling out fallacies without actually providing a counterargument
|
| Ad Hominem | Insulting opposition without argument. |
|
||||||
appeal to hypocrisy/tu quoque - calling out another persons hypocrisy like eg you hate this game but you dont make any
|
| Ad Lapidem (Appeal to the stone) | Saying no without an argument. |
|
||||||
possibiliter ergo probabiliter/appeal to probability - this is likely so it must be true
|
| Fallacy Fallacy | Calling out fallacies without argument. |
|
||||||
false dilemma- presenting something as either this or that when there could be more options
|
| Tu Quoque (Appeal to Hypocrisy) | Calling out hypocrisy, example being "You say this game is bad, but you don't make any." Such an argument makes no sense. |
|
||||||
straw man - misrepresents opponents argument to make it easier to attack, eg "gmos are bad? so youre saying you like farmers losing money because of bugs?"
|
| Possibiliter Ergo Probabiliter | Claiming that something is likely so it must be true. |
|
||||||
|
| False Dilemma | Claiming something is either this or that, despite it being a gradient or there being more possiblilities. |
|
||||||
|
| Straw man | Misrepresenting argument to make it easier to counter, example being "You dislike pedophiles? Are you saying disciplining children is bad?" |
|
||||||
|
| Cherry Picking | Picks out specific parts of evidence that supports their claim despite there being tons of other evidence that go against it. |
|
||||||
|
| Proof by Assertion | Reiterating argument without new evidence. |
|
||||||
|
| Non Sequitur | A statement that does not follow the logical flow of the previous. |
|
||||||
|
| Bandwagon | Belief that claim is right because tons of people do it. |
|
||||||
|
| Slippery Slope | Claiming one minor step will lead to major consequences. |
|
||||||
|
| | |
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[physics]]
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Electric Force, Field, and Potential]]
|
||||||
|
# Summary
|
||||||
|
* Measured in capacitance ($C=\frac{Q}{\Delta V}$), value fixed by physical build $C=\kappa \epsilon_0\frac{A}{d}$
|
||||||
|
* Field between plates is uniform except near edges. $E_C=\frac{Q}{\kappa \epsilon_0 A}$ (equal to $\frac{\Delta V}{d}$)
|
||||||
|
* Charged particle between plates feels constant force. Projectile with constant accel.
|
||||||
|
* Stored energy written as: $U_C=\frac{1}{2}Q\Delta V=\frac{1}{2}C(\Delta V)^2=\frac{Q^2}{2C}$.
|
||||||
|
* Adding dielectric raises capacitance by factor of $\kappa$, sets up induced field inside dielectric that opposes plate field.
|
||||||
|
* On AP exam, only parallel plate capacitors required, edge effects ignored unless stated otherwise.
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Electric Force, Field, and Potential]]
|
||||||
|
# Summary
|
||||||
|
* Change in electric potential energy for charge moving between 2 potentials $\Delta U_E=q\Delta V$ (J)
|
||||||
|
* q can be positive or negative. $\Delta V=V_{final}-V_{initial}$.
|
||||||
|
* Energy is conserved: $\Delta K=-\Delta U_E$
|
||||||
|
* Positive charges speed up moving towards lower potential. Negative charges speed up moving towards higher potential.
|
||||||
|
* Electric field points towards decreasing potential.
|
||||||
|
* For particle starting at rest, kinetic energy gained equals magnitude of $q\Delta V$, lets you solve for final speed.
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Electric Force, Field, and Potential]]
|
||||||
|
# Summary
|
||||||
|
* Charge is quantized, integer multiple of $e=1.6x10^{-19}$.
|
||||||
|
* $q=\pm ne$
|
||||||
|
* Coulomb's law: $F=k\frac{p_1p_2}{n^2}$; directly proportional to charge, inversely proportional to distance.
|
||||||
|
* Same signs repel, opposite signs attract.
|
||||||
|
* Electric force is stronger than gravity for tiny particles, gravity controls large scale because big objects are usually neutral.
|
||||||
|
* Electric permittivity measures how much a material polarizes in a field. Conductors let charge move freely, insulators don't.
|
||||||
|
* Only need to calculate force for 4 or less interacting charges unless situation is highly symmetrical.
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Electric Force, Field, and Potential]]
|
||||||
|
# Summary
|
||||||
|
* Electric field at a point = electric force on a positive test charge divided by charge = $\vec E=\frac{\vec F_E}{q}$ (unit N/C).
|
||||||
|
* Test charge's impact on field is negligible.
|
||||||
|
* Field lines point towards negative and away from positive. Closer lines = stronger field.
|
||||||
|
* Net field from several charges is sum of vectors.
|
||||||
|
* Inside a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium field is zero. Charge sits on surface, surface field is perpendicular to surface.
|
||||||
|
* Inside a charged insulator inside can be nonzero since charge stays instead of moving to surface.
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[physics]]
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Electric Force, Field, and Potential]]
|
||||||
|
# Summary
|
||||||
|
* Electric potential energy is work required from external force to assemble charges from infinity. Infinity set is the zero reference.
|
||||||
|
* Elastic potential energy: $U_E=\frac{1}{4\pi \epsilon_0}\frac{q_1q_2}{r}=k\frac{q_1q_2}{r}$
|
||||||
|
* Positive $U_E$ means repulsive interaction from like charges.
|
||||||
|
* Negative $U_E$ means attractive interaction from unlike charges.
|
||||||
|
* For multiple charges, add potential energy of each pair.
|
||||||
|
* $U_E$ is a scalar.
|
||||||
|
* Energy is conserved, as charges move potential is traded for kinetic.
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Electric Force, Field, and Potential]]
|
||||||
|
# Summary
|
||||||
|
* Electric potential is energy per charge: $V=\Delta U_E/q$ (Volts)
|
||||||
|
* Potential comes from multiple point charges added as scalars.
|
||||||
|
* Potential can be positive or negative, reference set at infinity.
|
||||||
|
* Electric field points towards decreasing potential. $|\vec E|=|\Delta V/\Delta r|$
|
||||||
|
* Equipotent lines (isolines) are perpendicular to field vectors. No work is done moving charge along equipotent.
|
||||||
|
* Conductors in electrical contact redistribute charge on the surface until it sits at the same potential.
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Electric Force, Field, and Potential]]
|
||||||
|
# Summary
|
||||||
|
* Net charge changes only when charge travels in and out of a system.
|
||||||
|
* Charging usually happens through electron transfer.
|
||||||
|
* Induced charge separation polarizes an object without contact. Happens in neutral conductors and insulators.
|
||||||
|
* In conservation problems, charge of separated objects should sum to charge of system.
|
||||||
|
* Grounding occurs when a system connects to a large neutral object.
|
||||||
|
* Conductors let electrons move easily, insulators only let bound charges shift slightly.
|
||||||
|
* Main 3 ways to charge: friction induction contact.
|
||||||
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
# Summary
|
# Summary
|
||||||
* Pressure difference between fluids causes flow.
|
* Pressure difference between fluids causes flow.
|
||||||
* $A_1v_1=A_2v_2$ expresses conservation of mass. Narrow area force faster speeds to incompressible fluids.
|
* Continuity equation: $A_1v_1=A_2v_2$ expresses conservation of mass. Narrow area force faster speeds to incompressible fluids.
|
||||||
* Bernoulli's equation: $P_1+pgy_1+\frac{1}{2}pv_1^2=P_1+pgy_2+\frac{1}{2}pv_2^2$ expresses conservation of energy along a streamline.
|
* Bernoulli's equation: $P_1+pgy_1+\frac{1}{2}pv_1^2=P_1+pgy_2+\frac{1}{2}pv_2^2$ expresses conservation of energy along a streamline.
|
||||||
* Faster fluid has lower pressure and vice versa
|
* Faster fluid has lower pressure and vice versa
|
||||||
* Torricelli's theorem: $v=\sqrt{2g\Delta y}$ is derived from energy conservation and gives exit speed of draining fluid.
|
* Torricelli's theorem: $v=\sqrt{2g\Delta y}$ is derived from energy conservation and gives exit speed of draining fluid.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1 +1 @@
|
|||||||
[[Physics]]
|
[[physics]]
|
||||||
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||||||
[[Physics]]
|
[[physics]]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
"Forces arise from interactions between two objects or systems of objects. Use free body diagrams and motion models to analyze the effects of forces on systems. Translate between different representations of forces and motion, and use models to analyze how interactions cause change. Practice deriving equations from fundamental principles and use proportional reasoning to make predictions."
|
"Forces arise from interactions between two objects or systems of objects. Use free body diagrams and motion models to analyze the effects of forces on systems. Translate between different representations of forces and motion, and use models to analyze how interactions cause change. Practice deriving equations from fundamental principles and use proportional reasoning to make predictions."
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||||||
[[Physics]]
|
[[physics]]
|
||||||
Linear momentum: $$\vec p=m\vec v$$
|
Linear momentum: $$\vec p=m\vec v$$
|
||||||
$\vec p$ is momentum in kg * m/s
|
$\vec p$ is momentum in kg * m/s
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||||||
[[Physics]]
|
[[physics]]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
force exerted on a charge in relation to a magnetic and electric field
|
force exerted on a charge in relation to a magnetic and electric field
|
||||||
formula is
|
formula is
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Modern Physics]]
|
||||||
|
# Summary
|
||||||
|
* Atoms have a small positive nucleus made of protons and neutrons and are usually surrounded by electrons.
|
||||||
|
* Nuclear notation: $^A_ZX$, Z protons A mass X atomic symbol
|
||||||
|
* Ion is atom with net charge.
|
||||||
|
* In Bohr model, Coulomb force between nucleus and electrons provides centripetal force for circular orbit: $F_e=k\frac{q_1q_2}{r^2}$ supplies $F_{net}=m\frac{v^2}{r}$
|
||||||
|
* Circumference must equal a whole number of de Broglies wavelength: $n\lambda=2\pi r$
|
||||||
|
* Atomic structure here is only defined as energy levels, no probability functions yet.
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[physics]]
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Modern Physics]]
|
||||||
|
# Summary
|
||||||
|
* Quantum theory developed because classical physics can't explain atomic spectra, blackbody radiation or photoelectric effect.
|
||||||
|
* Photons are electrically neutral massless particles.
|
||||||
|
* $E=hf$, with $h$ being Planck's constant.
|
||||||
|
* Photons travel at $c=$ 299792458 m/s (or $c=3*10^8$ for simplification) in a free space, and are slowed by a factor of the medium's index of refraction.
|
||||||
|
* Particles like electrons show wave behavior, quantified by de Broglie wavelength $\lambda=h/p$. Wavelength increases as momentum decreases.
|
||||||
|
* Quantum effects matter when a particles de Broglie wavelength is comparable to the system.
|
||||||
|
* In bound systems, energy and momentum are discrete.
|
||||||
@@ -1 +1 @@
|
|||||||
[[Physics]]
|
[[physics]]
|
||||||
@@ -1,2 +1,10 @@
|
|||||||
[[Physics]]
|
[[physics]]
|
||||||
* Assume fluids are ideal unless stated otherwise.
|
# Constants
|
||||||
|
* $R$: Ideal gas constant, 8.31 J/mol$*$k
|
||||||
|
* $k_B$: Boltzmann constant, $1.38*10^{-23}$J/K
|
||||||
|
# Notation
|
||||||
|
* $V$ is volume (m^3)
|
||||||
|
* $T$ is temperature (Kelvin usually)
|
||||||
|
# Tips
|
||||||
|
* Assume fluids are ideal unless stated otherwise.
|
||||||
|
* Kelvin is usually used over Celsius
|
||||||
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Physics]]
|
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Thermodynamics]]
|
||||||
|
# Summary
|
||||||
|
* Entropy describes energy's tendency to spread out and cause some of the energy to become useless.
|
||||||
|
* Entropy decreases when energy is organized, increases when spread out.
|
||||||
|
* Higher entropy means more useless energy.
|
||||||
|
* Total entropy of an isolated system never decreases over time.
|
||||||
|
* Entropy remains constant only in perfectly reversible processes (theoretical).
|
||||||
|
* IRL, entropy always increases.
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Thermodynamics]]
|
||||||
|
# Summary
|
||||||
|
* First law: $\Delta U=Q+W$
|
||||||
|
* Q is heat added W is work done
|
||||||
|
* Internal energy $U$ is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy. Ideal gas has no internal potential energy, so solely kinetic.
|
||||||
|
* Ideal monatomic gas has formula: $U=\frac{3}{2}Nk_BT=\frac{3}{2}nRT$
|
||||||
|
* Work done on gas by external pressure: $W=-P\Delta V$
|
||||||
|
* Negative sign means expansion does negative work on gas.
|
||||||
|
* On a PV graph, integrals are work done, and straight lines are isotherms.
|
||||||
|
* Four special processes:
|
||||||
|
* Isovolumeric $W = 0$
|
||||||
|
* Isothermic $\Delta U = 0$ For an ideal gas
|
||||||
|
* Isobaric $W=-P\Delta V$
|
||||||
|
* Adiabatic $Q=0$
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Thermodynamics]]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Summary
|
||||||
|
* $PV=nRT=Nk_BT$
|
||||||
|
* P = pressure V = volume T = temperature R = Ideal gas constant (8.31 mol/J) n = number of moles $k_B$ = Boltzmann constant
|
||||||
|
* Absolute temperature (kelvins)
|
||||||
|
* Extrapolating P-T or V-T graphs when V or P are constant will pass through in zero K.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Properties of an Ideal Gas
|
||||||
|
* Particles move at random instantaneous velocity and in all direction.
|
||||||
|
* Collision between gas molecules is elastic.
|
||||||
|
* Volume of individual gas particles is negligible to the gas volume.
|
||||||
|
* Gas molecules don't experience no appreciable forces except during collisions.
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Thermodynamics]]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Summary
|
||||||
|
* Gas pressure comes from atoms colliding with the wall and transferring momentum. $P=\frac{F_{\perp}}{A}$
|
||||||
|
* Gas pressure exists throughout the gas, not just against the walls.
|
||||||
|
* Temperature is average kinetic energy of atoms: $K_{avg}=\frac{3}{2}k_BT$
|
||||||
|
* Boltzmann constant: $k_B=1.380649*10^{-23} J*K^{-1}$
|
||||||
|
* Root-means-square speed links speed to kinetic energy: $\frac{1}{2}mv_{rms}^2$
|
||||||
|
* $K_{avg}=\frac{3}{2}k_BT=\frac{1}{2}mv_{rms}^2$
|
||||||
|
* $v_{rms}$ rises with temperature.
|
||||||
|
* Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution shows spread of atomic speeds. Higher temperatures broaden the curve and increases the peak speed.
|
||||||
|
* Temperature must be Kelvin to work.
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Thermodynamics]]
|
||||||
|
* Energy required to change temperature: $Q=mc\Delta T$
|
||||||
|
* Rate of conduction: $\frac{Q}{\Delta t}=\frac{kA\Delta T}{L}$
|
||||||
|
* Specific heat ($c$) is intrinsic and determines the amount of energy required to change temperature.
|
||||||
|
* Thermal conductivity is also intrinsic, metals conduct well, insulators don't.
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Thermodynamics]]
|
||||||
|
* Energy required to change temperature: $Q=mc\Delta T$
|
||||||
|
* Rate of conduction: $\frac{Q}{\Delta t}=\frac{kA\Delta T}{L}$
|
||||||
|
* Specific heat ($c$) is intrinsic and determines the amount of energy required to change temperature.
|
||||||
|
* Thermal conductivity is also intrinsic, metals conduct well, insulators don't.
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Thermodynamics]]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Summary
|
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* Thermal energy transfer: Conduction Convection Radiation
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* At the atomic level higher energy particles are more likely to transfer energy than lower energy particles.
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* Same temperature doesn't mean same thermal energy (specific heat capacity).
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* Thermal equilibrium is when 2 objects share the same temperature and there is no net energy transfer.
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@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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|
[[physics]]
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@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ r is radial distance
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Several discrete objects:
|
Several discrete objects:
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$$I_{tot}=\Sigma I_i=\Sigma m_i r^2$$
|
$$I_{tot}=\Sigma I_i=\Sigma m_i r^2$$
|
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|
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||||||
|
Kinetic energy from rotation formula:
|
||||||
|
$$KE_{rot}=\frac{1}{2}Iw^2$$
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# Parallel Axis Theorem
|
# Parallel Axis Theorem
|
||||||
Essentially shifting the axis and calculating the new inertia.
|
Essentially shifting the axis and calculating the new inertia.
|
||||||
$$I'=I_{cm}+Md^2$$
|
$$I'=I_{cm}+Md^2$$
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1 +1 @@
|
|||||||
[[Physics]]
|
[[physics]]
|
||||||
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
|
|||||||
[[Physics]]
|
[[physics]]
|
||||||
WEaP
|
WEaP
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1 +1 @@
|
|||||||
[[Physics]]
|
[[physics]]
|
||||||
+1
-1
@@ -1 +1 @@
|
|||||||
[[Physics]]
|
[[physics]]
|
||||||
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
|
|||||||
[[Physics]]
|
[[physics]]
|
||||||
"Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics, is the fundamental physical theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; the behaviors it models typically occur at and below the scale of atoms, and have been described as peculiar and mysterious."
|
"Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics, is the fundamental physical theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; the behaviors it models typically occur at and below the scale of atoms, and have been described as peculiar and mysterious."
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1 +1,13 @@
|
|||||||
"Excess is easy, anyone can do it. What's beyond most… is making it succinct—the art of abbreviation."
|
"*Excess is easy, anyone can do it. What's beyond most… is making it succinct—the art of abbreviation.*"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Terminology
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
| NAME | DESCRIPTION |
|
||||||
|
| ------------ | ------------------------------------------------- |
|
||||||
|
| Child | File parented to working file. |
|
||||||
|
| Parent | File working file is parented to. |
|
||||||
|
| Subject File | A child representing a sub-subject of the parent. |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Rule of Thumb
|
||||||
|
* Notes should be concise.
|
||||||
|
* Common sense.
|
||||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user