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## Drawing
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```compressed-json
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N4IgLgngDgpiBcIYA8DGBDANgSwCYCd0B3EAGhADcZ8BnbAewDsEAmcm+gV31TkQAswYKDXgB6MQHNsYfpwBGAOlT0AtmIBeNCtlQbs6RmPry6uA4wC0KDDgLFLUTJ2lH8MTDHQ0YNMWHRJMRZFFgBWRQBmMiRPVRhGMBoEAG0AXXJ0KCgAZQCwPlBJfDwc7A0+Rk5MTHIdGCIAIXRUAGtirkZcAGF6THp8BBAAYgAzcYmQAF8poA===
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```
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%%
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||||||
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|
|||||||
|
[[Organic Chemistry]]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons, composed solely of carbon and hydrogen.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Non-polar, as they contain only hydrogen and carbon.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
They are classified as aromatic or aliphatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbons have carbon atoms bonded in chains or rings, including straight chains and cyclic alkenes, alkanes and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons based on aromatic benzene group.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Alkanes are hydrocarbons that only contain single bonds, alkenes contain double bonds and alkynes contain triple bonds.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Alkanes in the shape of a ring are called cycloalkanes. Alkanes not in the shape of rings have formula $C_nH_{2n+2}$. Cycloalkanes are in the shape of rings and have the formula $C_nH_{2n}$. Straight chain alkenes with one double bond have the same formula as cycloalkanes. Straight chain alkynes with one triple bond have the formula $C_nH_{2n-2}$.
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||||||
|
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||||||
|
Functional groups are groups of reactive bonded atoms that appear in all members of a family. Reactive double bonds are the functional group of alkenes.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Naming Organic Compounds
|
||||||
|
Naming organic compounds usually follows the pattern of prefix + root + suffix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Root names:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
| Number of Carbon atoms | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|
||||||
|
| ---------------------- | ---- | --- | ---- | --- | ---- | --- | ---- | --- | --- | --- |
|
||||||
|
| Root | meth | eth | prop | but | pent | hex | hept | oct | non | dec |
|
||||||
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@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
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|||||||
|
[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
|
||||||
|
Species is a group in organism that interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring. Gaps though, bacteria don't sexually reproduce, and there are separate species that are able to mate and create fertile children.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Three types of species.
|
||||||
|
* Morphological Species:
|
||||||
|
* Studies shape, size, physics, structural features.
|
||||||
|
* Simple, quick.
|
||||||
|
* Most populations have variation.
|
||||||
|
* Biological Species:
|
||||||
|
* Ability to reproduce in nature and produce fertile offspring.
|
||||||
|
* Most commonly accepted definition, objective.
|
||||||
|
* Can't test on asexually reproducing, extinct, and/or physically separated organisms.
|
||||||
|
* Phylogenetic:
|
||||||
|
* Studies evolutionary history and relationships among organisms.
|
||||||
|
* Can be applied to extinct species.
|
||||||
|
* Not all evolutionary histories are known.
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
|
||||||
|
Characteristics:
|
||||||
|
* Mainly unicellular
|
||||||
|
* Under Eukarya domain.
|
||||||
|
* Eukaryotic cells.
|
||||||
|
* Reproduces sexually and/or asexually.
|
||||||
|
* Diverse, not closely related.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Classification:
|
||||||
|
* Animal-like (protozoans):
|
||||||
|
* Heterotrophs.
|
||||||
|
* Can move.
|
||||||
|
* Plant-like:
|
||||||
|
* Autotrophs, can photosynthesize.
|
||||||
|
* Photoautotrophs.
|
||||||
|
* Some are capable of consuming other organisms when light is unavailable.
|
||||||
|
* Can be unicellular or multicellular.
|
||||||
|
* Fungus-like:
|
||||||
|
* Absorbs nutrients from other organisms.
|
||||||
|
* Heterotroph/decomposers, outer digestion.
|
||||||
|
* Cell wall is not chitin.
|
||||||
|
* Examples are slime moulds and water moulds.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
| Phylum | Characteristics | Example |
|
||||||
|
| ------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ----------------------------------- |
|
||||||
|
| Cercozoan | Pseudopods, temporary cytoplasmic extension for movement/feeding. | *Amoeba proteus* |
|
||||||
|
| Cilliophora | Cilia, short hair like extensions for sweeping food or movement. | *Paramecium caudatum* |
|
||||||
|
| Zoomastigma | Flagella, long tail like whip. | *Trichonympha* |
|
||||||
|
| Sporozoa | Vector, uses living organism to transmit infection from one organism to another. Parasitic to animals. | *Plasmodium vivax* (causes malaria) |
|
||||||
|
| Myxomycpta | Many nuculei, engulfs like amoeba. | Plasmodia |
|
||||||
|
| Acrasiomycota | Individual amoeboid cells, one nuculeus. | Cellular slime mold |
|
||||||
|
| Oomycota | Filamentous, resemble fungi, release enzymes to absorb nutrients. | *Water mold* |
|
||||||
|
Paramecium:
|
||||||
|
* Cilia.
|
||||||
|
* Asexual (binary fission/sexual.
|
||||||
|
* Gullet.
|
||||||
|
* Outer protein covering.
|
||||||
|
* Lives in water.
|
||||||
|
![[Pasted image 20260924105000.png|371]]
|
||||||
|
Amoeba:
|
||||||
|
* Pseudopods.
|
||||||
|
* Extension of cytoskeleton.
|
||||||
|
![[Pasted image 20260924105030.png]]
|
||||||
|
Euglenoids/Euglena:
|
||||||
|
* Plant-like protista.
|
||||||
|
* Flagella.
|
||||||
|
* Unicellular.
|
||||||
|
* Capable of ingesting nutrients.
|
||||||
|
![[Pasted image 20260924105525.png]]
|
||||||
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Non-living
|
|
||||||
* Not capable of surviving on its own
|
|
||||||
* Acellular (Not made of cells)
|
|
||||||
* No cytoplasm, ribosomes, or membrane bound organelles.
|
|
||||||
* Doesn't produce energy.
|
|
||||||
* Essentially structures with genetic material (nucleic acid) and protein coating
|
|
||||||
* Shapes:
|
|
||||||
![[Pasted image 20260911203414.png|336]]
|
|
||||||
* Bacteriophages are complex viruses which attach to bacteria.
|
|
||||||
* Replicates doesn't reproduce
|
|
||||||
* Instructs host cell to make copies of virus DNA
|
|
||||||
# Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles
|
|
||||||
* Lytic:
|
|
||||||
* Cycle:
|
|
||||||
* Virus attaches to host cell (either enters or inserts)
|
|
||||||
* Tricks host cell to making copies of viral DNA/viral parts
|
|
||||||
* Host cell assembles new viruses
|
|
||||||
* Host cell releases new virus (some hosts will lysis)
|
|
||||||
* Make viruses and then releases them
|
|
||||||
* Takes pieces of membrane with it
|
|
||||||
![[Pasted image 20260911112321.png|371]]
|
|
||||||
# Classification
|
|
||||||
* Size and shape
|
|
||||||
* Type of nucleic acid
|
|
||||||
* Presence/absence of outer envelope
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Diagram
|
|
||||||
* Tail fiber shapes allow bacteriophages to infect different types of bacteria.
|
|
||||||
* Protein spike shapes allow it to enter different cells.
|
|
||||||
* Capsid
|
|
||||||
* Protective coating
|
|
||||||
* Nucleic Acid
|
|
||||||
* DNA or RNA
|
|
||||||
* Protein Spikes/Glycoprotein
|
|
||||||
* Allows them to attach and enter different cells
|
|
||||||
![[Pasted image 20260911111837.png]]
|
|
||||||
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Chemistry]]
|
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Organic Chemistry]]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon. It was originally classified as compounds originating from living beings, but a scientist made an organic compound inorganically using ammonium cyanate.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Carbon usually forms 4 covalent bonds. If a compound contains only single bonds, then it's saturated, unsaturated otherwise.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Carbons unique bonding allows it to form many shapes, including rings and chains.
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[chemistry]]
|
||||||
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Chemistry]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**"calculation of relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions"**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
avogardos numbers = $6.02*10^{23}$
|
|
||||||
n=mole=conversion factor=$6.02*10^{23}$ things (atoms/ions/molecules/formulaunits/etc)
|
|
||||||
1 pair = 2 things
|
|
||||||
1 dozen = 12 things
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
one atomic unit ~= 1 gram / avogardos number
|
|
||||||
avogardos number x atomic unit ~= 1 gram
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Matter and Chemical Bonding]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
covalents are sharing
|
|
||||||
ionics are giving
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Chemistry]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**main types**
|
|
||||||
synthesis
|
|
||||||
decomposition
|
|
||||||
single displacement
|
|
||||||
double displacement
|
|
||||||
combustion
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# synthesis
|
|
||||||
just two substances coming together to form a compound,
|
|
||||||
reactant + reactant ->
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# single displacement
|
|
||||||
requires the replacee to havea a lower activity series than the replacer
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Double Displacement
|
|
||||||
double displacement is a reaction of 2 compounds
|
|
||||||
pos and negs switch places to form new stuff
|
|
||||||
only works with ionics
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
only occurs if one of 3 propduces is formed
|
|
||||||
- percipitate (s)
|
|
||||||
- gas (g)
|
|
||||||
- covalent compound such as water (l)
|
|
||||||
# Combustion
|
|
||||||
is hydrocarbon react with oxygen to create co2 and h2o
|
|
||||||
@@ -1 +1 @@
|
|||||||
[[ROOT]]
|
[[root]]
|
||||||
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Matter and Chemical Bonding]]
|
|
||||||
how much attraction an element has to electrons
|
|
||||||
when bonded things different in electronegativity is too high, one basically steals the electron from the other forming an ionic bond, and if it's in the middle then it's polar, and if the difference isnt large than the 2 play nice and share it with a covalent
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Stoichiometry]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
empirical formulas are the simplest whole number ratio of atom in a substance
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
eg acetic acid and glucose share an empherical of ch_2o
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Stoichiometry]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
law of definite proportions states: the elements in a chemical compound are always present in the same proportion by mass
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
$percentcomposition=\frac{massofelement}{totalmassofcompound}*100%$
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Matter and Chemical Bonding]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
naming chemical compounds
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Chemistry]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
periods are rows
|
|
||||||
groups are columns
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Matter and Chemical Bonding]]
|
|
||||||
[[electronegativity]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
when 2 bonding atoms have an $\Delta$ EN greater than 0.5 and less than 1.7, it's a polar covalent bond
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
polar covalents have an imbalance of electrons, causing partial positive charges and partial negative charges, the atom with the stronger EN pulls the electron more but not enough to completely take it, making the electron closer and giving it a partial negative charge
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Chemistry]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**"a charged chemical species composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded or of a metal complex, that can be considered to be acting as a single unit"
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
H stable at a duet 2d
|
|
||||||
Be stable at a tetrad 4e
|
|
||||||
B stable at a sextet 6e
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
| **Name** | **Formula** |
|
|
||||||
| ---------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
|
||||||
| **Polyatomic ions (carrying negative charge)** | |
|
|
||||||
| Hydroxide | OH [Matter and Chemical Bonding]]<br><br>add or remove valence e according to charge<br><br>H stable at a duet 2d<br>Be stable at a tetrad 4e<br>B stable at a sextet 6e<br>all other elements in pe 1 and 2 require octets 8e (common ball)<br>per 3 and below can go above an octet (common ball)<br><br><br><br>– |
|
|
||||||
| Acetate | CH3COO – |
|
|
||||||
| Cyanide | CN – |
|
|
||||||
| Chlorate | ClO3 – |
|
|
||||||
| Chlorite | ClO2 – |
|
|
||||||
| Nitrate | NO3 – |
|
|
||||||
| Nitrite | NO2 – |
|
|
||||||
| Hypochlorite | OCl – |
|
|
||||||
| Hypobromite | OBr – |
|
|
||||||
| Iodate | IO3 – |
|
|
||||||
| Bisulphite | HSO3 – |
|
|
||||||
| Bisulphate | HSO4 – |
|
|
||||||
| Permanganate | MnO4 – |
|
|
||||||
| Thiocyanate | SCN – |
|
|
||||||
| Hydrogen carbonate | HCO 3– |
|
|
||||||
| Carbonate | CO3 2- |
|
|
||||||
| Sulphate | SO4 2- |
|
|
||||||
| Sulphite | SO3 2- |
|
|
||||||
| Oxalate | C2O4 2- |
|
|
||||||
| Silicate | SiO3 2- |
|
|
||||||
| Manganate | MnO4 2- |
|
|
||||||
| Thiosulphate | S2O3 2- |
|
|
||||||
| Chromate | CrO4 2- |
|
|
||||||
| Dichromate | Cr2O7 2- |
|
|
||||||
| Phosphate | PO4 3- |
|
|
||||||
| Phosphite | PO3 3- |
|
|
||||||
| Aluminate | AlO3 3- |
|
|
||||||
| Arsenite | AsO3 3- |
|
|
||||||
| Arsenate | AsO4 3- |
|
|
||||||
| Borate | BO3 3- |
|
|
||||||
| Pyrophosphate | P2O7 4- |
|
|
||||||
| **Polyatomic ions (carrying positive charge)** | |
|
|
||||||
| Ammonium | NH 4+ |
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## List of monatomic ions
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- The ions made of a single atom are called **simple ions or monatomic ions**.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
| **Name** | **Formula** |
|
|
||||||
| --------------------------------------------- | ----------- |
|
|
||||||
| **Monatomic ions (carrying positive charge)** | |
|
|
||||||
| Hydrogen | H+ |
|
|
||||||
| Potassium | K+ |
|
|
||||||
| Sodium | Na+ |
|
|
||||||
| Silver | Ag+ |
|
|
||||||
| Cuprous | Cu+ |
|
|
||||||
| Aurous | Au+ |
|
|
||||||
| Barium | Ba2+ |
|
|
||||||
| Calcium | Ca2+ |
|
|
||||||
| Magnesium | Mg2+ |
|
|
||||||
| Cupric | Cu2+ |
|
|
||||||
| Ferrous | Fe2+ |
|
|
||||||
| Stannous | Sn2+ |
|
|
||||||
| Mercuric | Hg2+ |
|
|
||||||
| Zinc | Zn2+ |
|
|
||||||
| Plumbous | Pb2+ |
|
|
||||||
| Aluminum | Al3+ |
|
|
||||||
| Ferric | Fe3+ |
|
|
||||||
| Auric | Au3+ |
|
|
||||||
| Arseneous | As3+ |
|
|
||||||
| Plumbic | Pb4+ |
|
|
||||||
| Stannic | Sn4+ |
|
|
||||||
| **Monatomic ions (carrying negative charge)** | |
|
|
||||||
| Chloride | Cl– |
|
|
||||||
| Bromide | Br – |
|
|
||||||
| Iodide | I– |
|
|
||||||
| Oxide | O2- |
|
|
||||||
| Sulphide | S2- |
|
|
||||||
| Nitride | N3- |
|
|
||||||
| Phosphide | P3- |
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[chemical reactions]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
shrimple little table to check how stuff reacts with other stuff,
|
|
||||||
- sol for soluble which means aqueous
|
|
||||||
- ppt for precipitate
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[chemical reactions]]
|
|
||||||
[[Matter and Chemical Bonding]]
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[[Matter and Chemical Bonding]]
|
|
||||||
each lone pair is E
|
|
||||||
A is central atom
|
|
||||||
X for each binded stuff
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
eg $H_2O$ is $AX_2E_2$
|
|
||||||
+15
-9
@@ -1,11 +1,17 @@
|
|||||||
[[Literacy]]
|
[[Literacy]]
|
||||||
things you use in an argument with no bearing to logic or the argument
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ad hominem - insulting the other guy
|
| NAME | DESCRIPTION |
|
||||||
ad lapidem - alex special, saying no without an argument
|
| -------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||||||
fallacy fallacy - calling out fallacies without actually providing a counterargument
|
| Ad Hominem | Insulting opposition without argument. |
|
||||||
appeal to hypocrisy/tu quoque - calling out another persons hypocrisy like eg you hate this game but you dont make any
|
| Ad Lapidem (Appeal to the stone) | Saying no without an argument. |
|
||||||
possibiliter ergo probabiliter/appeal to probability - this is likely so it must be true
|
| Fallacy Fallacy | Calling out fallacies without argument. |
|
||||||
false dilemma- presenting something as either this or that when there could be more options
|
| Tu Quoque (Appeal to Hypocrisy) | Calling out hypocrisy, example being "You say this game is bad, but you don't make any." Such an argument makes no sense. |
|
||||||
straw man - misrepresents opponents argument to make it easier to attack, eg "gmos are bad? so youre saying you like farmers losing money because of bugs?"
|
| Possibiliter Ergo Probabiliter | Claiming that something is likely so it must be true. |
|
||||||
cherry picking - picks specific parts that support their claim and ignore the countless other things that go against
|
| False Dilemma | Claiming something is either this or that, despite it being a gradient or there being more possiblilities. |
|
||||||
|
| Straw man | Misrepresenting argument to make it easier to counter, example being "You dislike pedophiles? Are you saying disciplining children is bad?" |
|
||||||
|
| Cherry Picking | Picks out specific parts of evidence that supports their claim despite there being tons of other evidence that go against it. |
|
||||||
|
| Proof by Assertion | Reiterating argument without new evidence. |
|
||||||
|
| Non Sequitur | A statement that does not follow the logical flow of the previous. |
|
||||||
|
| Bandwagon | Belief that claim is right because tons of people do it. |
|
||||||
|
| Slippery Slope | Claiming one minor step will lead to major consequences. |
|
||||||
|
| | |
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Modern Physics]]
|
||||||
|
# Summary
|
||||||
|
* Atoms have a small positive nucleus made of protons and neutrons and are usually surrounded by electrons.
|
||||||
|
* Nuclear notation: $^A_ZX$, Z protons A mass X atomic symbol
|
||||||
|
* Ion is atom with net charge.
|
||||||
|
* In Bohr model, Coulomb force between nucleus and electrons provides centripetal force for circular orbit: $F_e=k\frac{q_1q_2}{r^2}$ supplies $F_{net}=m\frac{v^2}{r}$
|
||||||
|
* Circumference must equal a whole number of de Broglies wavelength: $n\lambda=2\pi r$
|
||||||
|
* Atomic structure here is only defined as energy levels, no probability functions yet.
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[physics]]
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
|||||||
|
[[Modern Physics]]
|
||||||
|
# Summary
|
||||||
|
* Quantum theory developed because classical physics can't explain atomic spectra, blackbody radiation or photoelectric effect.
|
||||||
|
* Photons are electrically neutral massless particles.
|
||||||
|
* $E=hf$, with $h$ being Planck's constant.
|
||||||
|
* Photons travel at $c=$ 299792458 m/s (or $c=3*10^8$ for simplification) in a free space, and are slowed by a factor of the medium's index of refraction.
|
||||||
|
* Particles like electrons show wave behavior, quantified by de Broglie wavelength $\lambda=h/p$. Wavelength increases as momentum decreases.
|
||||||
|
* Quantum effects matter when a particles de Broglie wavelength is comparable to the system.
|
||||||
|
* In bound systems, energy and momentum are discrete.
|
||||||
@@ -1 +1,13 @@
|
|||||||
"Excess is easy, anyone can do it. What's beyond most… is making it succinct—the art of abbreviation."
|
"*Excess is easy, anyone can do it. What's beyond most… is making it succinct—the art of abbreviation.*"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Terminology
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
| NAME | DESCRIPTION |
|
||||||
|
| ------------ | ------------------------------------------------- |
|
||||||
|
| Child | File parented to working file. |
|
||||||
|
| Parent | File working file is parented to. |
|
||||||
|
| Subject File | A child representing a sub-subject of the parent. |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# Rule of Thumb
|
||||||
|
* Notes should be concise.
|
||||||
|
* Common sense.
|
||||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user