[[Linear Momentum]]

# Summary
* Net force equals $\vec F_{net}=\frac{\Delta \vec p}{\Delta t}$
* Impulse is average force over time interval: $\vec J = \vec F_{avg}\Delta t$
* Impulse-momentum theory is impulse = change in momentum: $$\vec J=\Delta \vec p = \vec p-\vec p_0$$
* Integral of a force vs time graph equals impulse, slope of momentum vs time graph = net force
* Impulse units are N * s (kg * m/s)
* When mass is constant F=ma comes from Impulse-Momentum theory

|Term|Definition|
|---|---|
|axis of rotation|The fixed line about which a system rotates.|
|force component perpendicular|The portion of an applied force that acts at a right angle to the position vector from the axis of rotation.|
|force diagram|A diagram used to represent and analyze the forces and torques exerted on a rigid system, showing the magnitude, direction, and point of application of each force relative to the axis of rotation.|
|free-body diagram|A visual representation that shows all forces exerted on an object or system, with each force drawn as a vector originating from the object's center of mass.|
|lever arm|The perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of an applied force.|
|line of action|The straight line along which a force acts, extending infinitely in both directions.|
|perpendicular force|The component of a force that is perpendicular to the position vector, which directly contributes to torque production.|
|position vector|A vector drawn from the axis of rotation to the point where a force is applied on a rigid system.|
|rigid system|A system that holds its shape but in which different points on the system move in different directions during rotation.|
|torque|A measure of the rotational effect of a force on a rigid system, calculated as the product of the force and its perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation.|