vault backup: 2026-10-05 11:02:16

2026-10-05 11:02:16 -04:00
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-c[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
-
+[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
 * Non-living
 	* Not capable of surviving on its own.
 	* Acellular.
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+[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
+
+| Type of Nutrition | Description                                                                                                                                                     |
+| ----------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| Parasitic         | Absorbs nutrients from living cell of host organism. <br>Example is Cordyceps invading insect bodies.                                                           |
+| Predatory         | Have specialized structures for trapping prey.                                                                                                                  |
+| Mutualistic       | Have partnerships with other organisms, usually plants or protists.<br>Mycorrhiza: Mutual relationship with plants.<br>Lichen: Mutual with algae/cyanobacteria. |
+| Saprobial         | Feed on dead organisms or decaying waste.                                                                                                                       |
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+[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
+Multicellular eukaryotes.
+Cells lack cell walls.
+Heterotrophs.
+Mobile in at least one stage of life.
+Sexual reproduction.
+![[Pasted image 20261001105644.png]]
+
+# Level of Organization 
+Cells, tissue, organs, organ systems.
+Sponges only have 2 layers of cells, no tissues.
+"Hydra, jelly fish, corals, sea anemones: 2 layers of cells, but have tissues like
+muscle and NS"
+
+# Number of Body Layers: 
+Do they have 3 layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm).
+Ectoderm: Skin and ns, shell, scales, feathers.
+Endoderm: Inner lining of gut, respitory system.
+Mesoderm: Circulatory, reproductive, excretory, muscular.
+"Sponges, corals, hydra, jelly fish do not have 3 body layers"
+![[Pasted image 20261001110343.png|417]]
+
+# Symmetry and Body Plans: 
+Radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, no symmetry.
+
+# Body Cavity
+Fluid filled body cavity called coelom.
+![[Pasted image 20261001110522.png]]
+
+# Segmentation
+![[Pasted image 20261001110549.png]]
+
+# Embryonic Openings
+Protostomes: Opening develops into mouth.
+Deuterostomes: Opening develops into the anus. 
+
+# Movement
+Sessile/stationary (attach to one place as an adult) vs ability to move.
+
+# Reproduction
+Mainly sexual, internal vs external fertilization.
+
+# Presence of Backbone
+Vertebrates vs invertebrates.
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+[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
+Species relatedness can be determined using a phylogenetic tree.
+Phylogenetic trees are formed using evidence.
+* Anatomical Evidence:
+	* Studying structure and form.
+	* Includes size shape and other physical features.
+- Physiological Evidence:
+	* Study of functions/processes, such as chemical and internal processes.
+	* Example, guinea pig's insulin is closer to humans than mice.
+- DNA Evidence:
+	- Studying DNA sequence (bases) or amino acid sequence. DNA similarity positively correlates with relation.
+
+In terms of evidence credibility for relatedness, DNA > physiological > anatomical.
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+[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
+
+Types of diversity:
+- Genetic diversity.
+- Species diversity.
+- Ecosystem diversity.
+How biodiversity supports ecosystem stability:
+- Genetic diversity results in a greater chance for a species to survive over time through natural selection.
+- Species diversity allows more organisms to fill niches.
+- Ecosystem diversity makes it so that everything doesn't live in the same place, resulting in higher resources.
+Biodiversity is diminished by:
+* Habitat loss.
+* Overhunting/overfishing.
+* Climate change.
+* Invasive species.
+* Monocultures.
+Monocultures are when only one type of plant is farmed.
+Effects of monoculture:
+* Reduced biodiversity.
+* Soil degradtion.
+* Increased pests/disease risk.
+* 
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 [[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
-
 Algae Divisions:
 * Chlorophyta:
 	* Closest relative to plantae.