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+[[Unit 1 Diversity of Living Things]]
+
+| Type of Nutrition | Description                                                                                                                                                     |
+| ----------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| Parasitic         | Absorbs nutrients from living cell of host organism. <br>Example is Cordyceps invading insect bodies.                                                           |
+| Predatory         | Have specialized structures for trapping prey.                                                                                                                  |
+| Mutualistic       | Have partnerships with other organisms, usually plants or protists.<br>Mycorrhiza: Mutual relationship with plants.<br>Lichen: Mutual with algae/cyanobacteria. |
+| Saprobial         | Feed on dead organisms or decaying waste.                                                                                                                       |
+Morphology:
+- Hyphae: One or more fungi cells, structural unit.
+- Mycelium: Mass of hyphae.
+- Fruiting body: Reproductive structure in fungi where spores are produced.
+![[Pasted image 20261007221632.png|343]]![[Pasted image 20261007221643.png|302]]
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+[[Unit 1 Diversity of Living Things]]
+Multicellular eukaryotes.
+Cells lack cell walls.
+Heterotrophs.
+Mobile in at least one stage of life.
+Sexual reproduction.
+![[Pasted image 20261001105644.png]]
+
+# Level of Organization 
+Cells, tissue, organs, organ systems.
+Sponges only have 2 layers of cells, no tissues.
+"Hydra, jelly fish, corals, sea anemones: 2 layers of cells, but have tissues like
+muscle and NS"
+
+# Number of Body Layers: 
+Do they have 3 layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm).
+Ectoderm: Skin and ns, shell, scales, feathers.
+Endoderm: Inner lining of gut, respitory system.
+Mesoderm: Circulatory, reproductive, excretory, muscular.
+"Sponges, corals, hydra, jelly fish do not have 3 body layers"
+![[Pasted image 20261001110343.png|417]]
+
+# Symmetry and Body Plans: 
+Radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, no symmetry.
+
+# Body Cavity
+Fluid filled body cavity called coelom.
+![[Pasted image 20261001110522.png]]
+
+# Segmentation
+![[Pasted image 20261001110549.png]]
+
+# Embryonic Openings
+Protostomes: Opening develops into mouth.
+Deuterostomes: Opening develops into the anus. 
+
+# Movement
+Sessile/stationary (attach to one place as an adult) vs ability to move.
+
+# Reproduction
+Mainly sexual, internal vs external fertilization.
+
+# Presence of Backbone
+Vertebrates vs invertebrates.
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+[[Unit 1 Diversity of Living Things]]
+Species is a group in organism that interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring. Flawed definition though, bacteria don't sexually reproduce, and there are separate species that are able to mate and create fertile children. 
+
+Three types of species:
+* Morphological Species:
+	* Studies shape, size, physics, structural features.
+	* Simple, quick.
+	* Most populations have variation.
+* Biological Species:
+	* Ability to reproduce in nature and produce fertile offspring.
+	* Most commonly accepted definition, objective.
+	* Can't test on asexually reproducing, extinct, and/or physically separated organisms.
+* Phylogenetic:
+	* Studies evolutionary history and relationships among organisms.
+	* Can be applied to extinct species.
+	* Not all evolutionary histories are known.
+
+Species relatedness can be determined using a phylogenetic tree.
+Phylogenetic trees are formed using evidence.
+* Anatomical Evidence:
+	* Studying structure and form.
+	* Includes size shape and other physical features.
+- Physiological Evidence:
+	* Study of functions/processes, such as chemical and internal processes.
+	* Example, guinea pig's insulin is closer to humans than mice.
+- DNA Evidence:
+	- Studying DNA sequence (bases) or amino acid sequence. DNA similarity positively correlates with relation.
+
+In terms of evidence credibility for relatedness, DNA > physiological > anatomical.
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+6[[Unit 1 Diversity of Living Things]]
+
+Types of diversity:
+- Genetic diversity.
+- Species diversity.
+- Ecosystem diversity.
+How biodiversity supports ecosystem stability:
+- Genetic diversity results in a greater chance for a species to survive over time through natural selection.
+- Species diversity allows more organisms to fill niches.
+- Ecosystem diversity makes it so that everything doesn't live in the same place, resulting in higher resources.
+Biodiversity is diminished by:
+* Habitat loss.
+* Overhunting/overfishing.
+* Climate change.
+* Invasive species.
+* Monocultures.
+Monocultures are when only one type of plant is farmed.
+Effects of monoculture:
+* Reduced biodiversity.
+* Soil degradtion.
+* Increased pests/disease risk.
+* 
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+[[Unit 1 Diversity of Living Things]]
+Characteristics:
+* Mainly unicellular
+* Under Eukarya domain.
+* Eukaryotic cells.
+* Reproduces sexually and/or asexually.
+* Diverse, not closely related.
+
+Classification:
+* Animal-like (protozoans):
+	* Heterotrophs.
+	* Can move.
+* Plant-like:
+	* Autotrophs, can photosynthesize.
+	* Photoautotrophs.
+	* Some are capable of consuming other organisms when light is unavailable.
+	* Can be unicellular or multicellular.
+* Fungus-like:
+	* Absorbs nutrients from other organisms.
+	* Heterotroph/decomposers, outer digestion.
+	* Cell wall is not chitin.
+	* Examples are slime moulds and water moulds.
+
+
+| Phylum        | Characteristics                                                                                        | Example                             |
+| ------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ----------------------------------- |
+| Cercozoan     | Pseudopods, temporary cytoplasmic extension for movement/feeding.                                      | *Amoeba proteus*                    |
+| Cilliophora   | Cilia, short hair like extensions for sweeping food or movement.                                       | *Paramecium caudatum*               |
+| Zoomastigma   | Flagella, long tail like whip.                                                                         | *Trichonympha*                      |
+| Sporozoa      | Vector, uses living organism to transmit infection from one organism to another. Parasitic to animals. | *Plasmodium vivax* (causes malaria) |
+| Myxomycpta    | Many nuculei, engulfs like amoeba.                                                                     | Plasmodia                           |
+| Acrasiomycota | Individual amoeboid cells, one nuculeus.                                                               | Cellular slime mold                 |
+| Oomycota      | Filamentous, resemble fungi, release enzymes to absorb nutrients.                                      | *Water mold*                        |
+Paramecium:
+* Cilia.
+* Asexual (binary fission/sexual.
+* Gullet.
+* Outer protein covering.
+* Lives in water.
+![[Pasted image 20260924105000.png|371]]
+Amoeba:
+* Pseudopods.
+* Extension of cytoskeleton.
+![[Pasted image 20260924105030.png]]
+Euglenoids/Euglena:
+* Plant-like protista.
+* Flagella.
+* Unicellular.
+* Capable of ingesting nutrients.
+![[Pasted image 20260924105525.png]]
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+[[Unit 1 Diversity of Living Things]]
+Algae Divisions:
+* Chlorophyta:
+	* Closest relative to plantae.
+	* Green pigment.
+	* Chlorophyll A and B (plants have this too).
+	* Unicellular or multicellular.
+* Phaeophyta:
+	* Kelp.
+	* Multicellular.
+	* Can be large.
+* Pyrrophyta:
+* Chyrsophyta:
+* Rhodophyta:
+	* Red pigment.
+	* Able to live in deep waters.
+	* Absorbs longer wavelength.
+* Euglenophyta:
+
+Plants and algae comparison:
+* Autotrophs (chloroplasts).
+* Cell walls composed of cellulose.
+* Stores energy as starch.
+Contrast:
+* Algae have no true leaves or roots (may have holdfasts/flattened blades, air bladders hold them up).
+* Plants are mainly terrestrial, algae are aquatic (bad answer when contrasting).
+![[Pasted image 20260929112116.png]]
+
+Plants have adapted to live on land:
+* Cuticle to prevent drying out.
+* Vascular tissue to transport water.
+* Enclosed embryo (seeds) to prevent drying out.
+![[Pasted image 20260929112553.png]]
+
+Plant classification:
+* Non Vascular:
+	* No xylem/phloem.
+	* Grows low.
+	* Darker environment.
+	* Absorbs $H_2O$ through leaves.
+	* Moss.
+	* Liverworts.
+	* Hornworts.
+* Vascular:
+	* Roots help it grow taller.
+	* Seeds:
+		* Sexual reproduction, no water.
+		* Angiosperms:
+			* Flowers.
+			* Monocot:
+				* One cotyledon.
+				* Veins in parallel.
+				* Root vascular tissue arranged in circle.
+				* Stem scattered vascular tissue.
+				* Petals multiple of 3.
+				* Fibrous.
+				* Examples include corn, grass, green onions.
+			* Dicot:
+				* Two cotyledons.
+				* Veins are branched.
+				* Root xylem arranged in star shape.
+				* Stem vascular tissue arranged in ring.
+				* Petals in multiples of 4 or 5.
+				* Taproot.
+				* Examples include carrots and dandelions.
+		* Gymnosperms:
+			* Naked seeds.
+			* No ovary to protect seeds.
+	* No Seeds:
+		* Requires moist environment.
+		* Ferns:
+			* Releases spores.
+			* Requires sperm.
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+[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]