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+[[Unit 3 (TBD)]]
+Evolution is change in the population, not individuals. When changes in allele frequency occur, ==microevolution== has occurred, which is the smallest scale of evolution. Microevolution can eventually lead to ==macroevolution==, which is the creation of new species.
+
+Example begin:
+
+In the Richmond Hill High School forest there lives a population of bunnies.
+Let B rep the allele for brown.
+Let b rep the allele for white.
+How many B? 3B/total 8 alleles
+How many b? 5b/total 8 alleles.
+Allele frequency of B is 0.375=p (represents allele frequency of dominant trait).
+Allele frequency for b is 0.625=q (represents allele frequency of recessive trait).
+
+| Generation       | B   | p           | b   | q           |
+| ---------------- | --- | ----------- | --- | ----------- |
+| 1-baseline       | 14  | 14/44=0.318 | 30  | 30/44=0.682 |
+| 2                | 11  | 11/44=0.25  | 33  | 33/44=0.75  |
+| 3                | 16  | 16/44=0.364 | 28  | 28/44=0.636 |
+| 4                | 15  | 15/44=0.341 | 29  | 29/44=0.659 |
+| 5                | 15  | 15/44=0.341 | 29  | 29/44=0.659 |
+| 6-climate change | 2   | 2/44=0.046  | 42  | 42/44=0.954 |
+
+![[Pasted image 20261110105109.png]]
+
+Microevolution has occured because allele frequency changed.
+From 0.318 to 0.409.
+Natural selection.
+
+To check if a change is significant, use chi square.
+
+Example concluded.
+
+Hardy-Weinberg equation.
+If allele frequencies aren't changing, then the population is in ==Hardy-Weinberg== equilibrium (microevolution not occurring).
+If allele frequencies change, then microevolution occurs, which can be due to:
+* Natural selection.
+* Genetic drift.
+* Gene flow.
+* Mutation.
+* Non random mating.
+
+For Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to occur, these conditions need to be met:
+* No mutation, no alleles can arise.
+* No migration, no new members and alleles can join/leave.
+* Large gene pool.
+* Random mating.
+* No selection, natural selection doesn't favor one phenotype over the other.
+These 5 five things keep the population stable.
+
+==Allele fixation== is when only one allele is present for a particular gene, allele frequency for one allele is 100%. It occurs more often in smaller populations.
+
+![[Pasted image 20261110110316.png]]
+Graph one represents Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium, graph 2 represents microevolution and graph 3 represents allele fixation.
+
+$$p+q=1\\p^2+2pq+q^2=1$$  $p^2$ represents genotype frequency (homozygous dominant) while $q^2$ represents genotype frequency for homozygous recessive. $2pq$ represents genotype frequency of heterozygous.
+
+Example 1: 
+Black dominant white recessive, 263 black geese 413 white geese.
+
+"what is genotypic frequency of the white geese"
+Let B rep black feather.
+Let b rep white feather.
+bb=$q^2$=413/676=0.6109
+"what is allele frequency of white allele"
+b=$q^2$=$\sqrt{0.6109}$
+=0.7816
+"what is alele frequency of black allele"
+1-0.7816=0.2184
+"genotypic frequencies of homozygous black geese"e
+$p^2+2*0.2184*0.7816+0.6109=1$
+$p^2=0.0477$
+==ALWAYS FIND RECESSIVE ALLELE FREQUENCY FIRST==
+"heterozygous genotype frequency"
+2pq=2(0.2184)(0.7816)
+pq=0.3414
+
+Example concluded.