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johnruina
2026-09-06 23:41:08 -04:00
parent c48a868b5e
commit a777a53d76
13 changed files with 261 additions and 115 deletions
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Electric Charge and Electric Force.md
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[[Electric Force, Field, and Potential]]
# Summary
*
physics/Electric Circuits/Electric Circuits.md
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[[physics]]
physics/Electric Force, Field, and Potential/Capacitors.md
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[[Electric Force, Field, and Potential]]
# Summary
* Measured in capacitance ($C=\frac{Q}{\Delta V}$), value fixed by physical build $C=\kappa \epsilon_0\frac{A}{d}$
* Field between plates is uniform except near edges. $E_C=\frac{Q}{\kappa \epsilon_0 A}$ (equal to $\frac{\Delta V}{d}$)
* Charged particle between plates feels constant force. Projectile with constant accel.
* Stored energy written as: $U_C=\frac{1}{2}Q\Delta V=\frac{1}{2}C(\Delta V)^2=\frac{Q^2}{2C}$.
* Adding dielectric raises capacitance by factor of $\kappa$, sets up induced field inside dielectric that opposes plate field.
* On AP exam, only parallel plate capacitors required, edge effects ignored unless stated otherwise.
physics/Electric Force, Field, and Potential/Conservation of Electric Energy.md
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[[Electric Force, Field, and Potential]]
# Summary
* Change in electric potential energy for charge moving between 2 potentials $\Delta U_E=q\Delta V$ (J)
* q can be positive or negative. $\Delta V=V_{final}-V_{initial}$.
* Energy is conserved: $\Delta K=-\Delta U_E$
* Positive charges speed up moving towards lower potential. Negative charges speed up moving towards higher potential.
* Electric field points towards decreasing potential.
* For particle starting at rest, kinetic energy gained equals magnitude of $q\Delta V$, lets you solve for final speed.
physics/Electric Force, Field, and Potential/Electric Charge and Electric Force.md
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[[Electric Force, Field, and Potential]]
# Summary
* Charge is quantized, integer multiple of $e=1.6x10^{-19}$.
* $q=\pm ne$
* Coulomb's law: $F=k\frac{p_1p_2}{n^2}$; directly proportional to charge, inversely proportional to distance.
* Same signs repel, opposite signs attract.
* Electric force is stronger than gravity for tiny particles, gravity controls large scale because big objects are usually neutral.
* Electric permittivity measures how much a material polarizes in a field. Conductors let charge move freely, insulators don't.
* Only need to calculate force for 4 or less interacting charges unless situation is highly symmetrical.
physics/Electric Force, Field, and Potential/Electric Fields.md
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[[Electric Force, Field, and Potential]]
# Summary
* Electric field at a point = electric force on a positive test charge divided by charge = $\vec E=\frac{\vec F_E}{q}$ (unit N/C).
* Test charge's impact on field is negligible.
* Field lines point towards negative and away from positive. Closer lines = stronger field.
* Net field from several charges is sum of vectors.
* Inside a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium field is zero. Charge sits on surface, surface field is perpendicular to surface.
* Inside a charged insulator inside can be nonzero since charge stays instead of moving to surface.
physics/Electric Force, Field, and Potential/Electric Potential Energy.md
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[[Electric Force, Field, and Potential]]
# Summary
* Electric potential energy is work required from external force to assemble charges from infinity. Infinity set is the zero reference.
* Elastic potential energy: $U_E=\frac{1}{4\pi \epsilon_0}\frac{q_1q_2}{r}=k\frac{q_1q_2}{r}$
* Positive $U_E$ means repulsive interaction from like charges.
* Negative $U_E$ means attractive interaction from unlike charges.
* For multiple charges, add potential energy of each pair.
* $U_E$ is a scalar.
* Energy is conserved, as charges move potential is traded for kinetic.
physics/Electric Force, Field, and Potential/Electric Potential.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
[[Electric Force, Field, and Potential]]
# Summary
* Electric potential is energy per charge: $V=\Delta U_E/q$ (Volts)
* Potential comes from multiple point charges added as scalars.
* Potential can be positive or negative, reference set at infinity.
* Electric field points towards decreasing potential. $|\vec E|=|\Delta V/\Delta r|$
* Equipotent lines (isolines) are perpendicular to field vectors. No work is done moving charge along equipotent.
* Conductors in electrical contact redistribute charge on the surface until it sits at the same potential.
physics/Electric Force, Field, and Potential/The Process of Charging.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
[[Electric Force, Field, and Potential]]
# Summary
* Net charge changes only when charge travels in and out of a system.
* Charging usually happens through electron transfer.
* Induced charge separation polarizes an object without contact. Happens in neutral conductors and insulators.
* In conservation problems, charge of separated objects should sum to charge of system.
* Grounding occurs when a system connects to a large neutral object.
* Conductors let electrons move easily, insulators only let bound charges shift slightly.
* Main 3 ways to charge: friction induction contact.
Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity.md → physics/Thermodynamics/Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity 1.md
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physics/Thermodynamics/Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity.md
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[[Thermodynamics]]
* Energy required to change temperature: $Q=mc\Delta T$
* Rate of conduction: $\frac{Q}{\Delta t}=\frac{kA\Delta T}{L}$
* Specific heat ($c$) is intrinsic and determines the amount of energy required to change temperature.
* Thermal conductivity is also intrinsic, metals conduct well, insulators don't.