8/10/2026

biology/Elements of Life.md

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+[[chemistry of life]]
+
+6 main elements in biology, chnops
+**C**arbon
+**H**ydrogen
+**N**itrogen
+**O**xygen
+**P**hosphorous
+**S**ulfur
+
+cho are the most common, theyre found in most biology molecules
+
+carbon is special because:
+1. can form long chains
+2. likes to form double bonds
+3. ring like structures
+![[Pasted image 20260810213947.png]]

biology/Macromolecules.md

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+[[biology]]
+macromolecules are essentially very large molecules
+
+macromolecules consist of smaller subunits, called monomers, when you have a bunch of monomers together it's called a polymer
+
+these 4 types of macromolecules are pretty important in ap bio:
+
+| Type         | Monomer Name                                              | Polymer Name                                                     | Primary Cellular Function                                             | CHNOPS Generally Present |
+| ------------ | --------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------ |
+| Carbohydrate | Monosaccharide                                            | Polysaccharide                                                   | Quick energy                                                          | C, H, O                  |
+| Lipid        | No single name, examples include Fatty Acids and Glycerol | No single name, examples include triglycerides and phospholipids | Cell membrane bilayer, cell signaling, long-term energy storage (fat) | C, H, O                  |
+| Protein      | Amino acid                                                | Polypeptide                                                      | Various functions                                                     | C, H, O, N, S            |
+| Nucleic Acid | Nucleotide                                                | DNA / RNA                                                        | Store and transmit genetic information                                | C, H, O, N, P            |
+|              |                                                           |                                                                  |                                                                       |                          |
+macromolecules are **allegedly** hard to understand, apparently theyre kind of like a train and it's carriages
+
+![[Pasted image 20260810215125.png]]
+
+monomers break from each other using **hydrolysis**, where a water atom forces its way in a breaks off into a hydrogen atom and a hydroxide. It's derived from greek, with hydro meaning water and lysis to break
+
+![[Pasted image 20260810215131.png]]
+
+monomers connect to each other using **dehydration synthesis**, where the hydrogen and hydroxide at the ends of monomers bind to form a water molecule which is removed after, reforming the bond.

biology/biology.md

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 [[root]]
+study of life and living organisms

biology/chemistry of life.md

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+[[biology]]
+chemistry and life somewhat go hand in hand

biology/structure of water and hydrogen bonding.md

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+[[chemistry of life]]
+covalents are 0-0.5 difference in electronegativities
+polar covalents are 0.5 - 2
+Ionics are 2+
+
+hydrogen bonds are when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is highly attracted to an atom with high electronegativity in another molecule.
+hydrogen bonds are rather weak, water uses hydrogen bonds
+
+**properties of water:**
+1. cohesion
+2. adhesion
+3. high heat capacity
+4. high surface tension
+
+adhesion is a result of the polarity, as the imbalance of charge allows the molecules to bind to other things easily
+
+high heat capacity results from heat energy being used to break and disrupt the hydrogen bonds, inadvertently losing some of the heat
+
+surface tension results from hydrogen bonds
+
+**ph**
+ph measures how acidic or basic a solution is
+![[Pasted image 20260810212842.png]]"**==Acids==** donate protons (Hydrogens) to **==bases==**, which are hydrogen/proton acceptors. Let’s use the self ionization of water pictured above as an example. One of the water molecules is acting as an acid and donating an H+ ion (proton) to the other water molecule, which is the base. This forms a hydronium ion (H3​O+) and a hydroxide ion (OH−)."
+
+solutions with more hydroniums than hydroxides are acidic, and the other way
+![[Pasted image 20260810213049.png]]
+$pH=-\log[H^+]$
+where $H^+$ is the hydronium concentration in the solution
+
+pH has an opposite, pOH
+by definition the pH + pOH of a solution will always equal 14