8/10/2026

biology/structure of water and hydrogen bonding.md

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+[[chemistry of life]]
+covalents are 0-0.5 difference in electronegativities
+polar covalents are 0.5 - 2
+Ionics are 2+
+
+hydrogen bonds are when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is highly attracted to an atom with high electronegativity in another molecule.
+hydrogen bonds are rather weak, water uses hydrogen bonds
+
+**properties of water:**
+1. cohesion
+2. adhesion
+3. high heat capacity
+4. high surface tension
+
+adhesion is a result of the polarity, as the imbalance of charge allows the molecules to bind to other things easily
+
+high heat capacity results from heat energy being used to break and disrupt the hydrogen bonds, inadvertently losing some of the heat
+
+surface tension results from hydrogen bonds
+
+**ph**
+ph measures how acidic or basic a solution is
+![[Pasted image 20260810212842.png]]"**==Acids==** donate protons (Hydrogens) to **==bases==**, which are hydrogen/proton acceptors. Let’s use the self ionization of water pictured above as an example. One of the water molecules is acting as an acid and donating an H+ ion (proton) to the other water molecule, which is the base. This forms a hydronium ion (H3​O+) and a hydroxide ion (OH−)."
+
+solutions with more hydroniums than hydroxides are acidic, and the other way
+![[Pasted image 20260810213049.png]]
+$pH=-\log[H^+]$
+where $H^+$ is the hydronium concentration in the solution
+
+pH has an opposite, pOH
+by definition the pH + pOH of a solution will always equal 14