8/10/2026
This commit is contained in:
Vendored
+259
-43
@@ -1,49 +1,241 @@
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[[chemistry of life]]
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6 main elements in biology, chnops
|
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**C**arbon
|
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**H**ydrogen
|
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**N**itrogen
|
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**O**xygen
|
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**P**hosphorous
|
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**S**ulfur
|
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cho are the most common, theyre found in most biology molecules
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carbon is special because:
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1. can form long chains
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2. likes to form double bonds
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3. ring like structures
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![[Pasted image 20260810213947.png]]
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[[biology]]
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macromolecules are essentially very large molecules
|
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macromolecules consist of smaller subunits, called monomers, when you have a bunch of monomers together it's called a polymer
|
||||||
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||||||
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these 4 types of macromolecules are pretty important in ap bio:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
| Type | Monomer Name | Polymer Name | Primary Cellular Function | CHNOPS Generally Present |
|
||||||
|
| ------------ | --------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------ |
|
||||||
|
| Carbohydrate | Monosaccharide | Polysaccharide | Quick energy | C, H, O |
|
||||||
|
| Lipid | No single name, examples include Fatty Acids and Glycerol | No single name, examples include triglycerides and phospholipids | Cell membrane bilayer, cell signaling, long-term energy storage (fat) | C, H, O |
|
||||||
|
| Protein | Amino acid | Polypeptide | Various functions | C, H, O, N, S |
|
||||||
|
| Nucleic Acid | Nucleotide | DNA / RNA | Store and transmit genetic information | C, H, O, N, P |
|
||||||
|
| | | | | |
|
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|
macromolecules are **allegedly** hard to understand, apparently theyre kind of like a train and it's carriages
|
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|
|
||||||
|
![[Pasted image 20260810215125.png]]
|
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|
monomers break from each other using **hydrolysis**, where a water atom forces its way in a breaks off into a hydrogen atom and a hydroxide. It's derived from greek, with hydro meaning water and lysis to break
|
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|
|
||||||
|
![[Pasted image 20260810215131.png]]
|
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|
monomers connect to each other using **dehydration synthesis**, where the hydrogen and hydroxide at the ends of monomers bind to form a water molecule which is removed after, reforming the bond.
|
||||||
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
|
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[[root]]
|
[[root]]
|
||||||
|
study of life and living organisms
|
||||||
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|
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|
[[biology]]
|
||||||
|
chemistry and life somewhat go hand in hand
|
||||||
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|
|||||||
|
[[chemistry of life]]
|
||||||
|
covalents are 0-0.5 difference in electronegativities
|
||||||
|
polar covalents are 0.5 - 2
|
||||||
|
Ionics are 2+
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
hydrogen bonds are when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is highly attracted to an atom with high electronegativity in another molecule.
|
||||||
|
hydrogen bonds are rather weak, water uses hydrogen bonds
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
**properties of water:**
|
||||||
|
1. cohesion
|
||||||
|
2. adhesion
|
||||||
|
3. high heat capacity
|
||||||
|
4. high surface tension
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
adhesion is a result of the polarity, as the imbalance of charge allows the molecules to bind to other things easily
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
high heat capacity results from heat energy being used to break and disrupt the hydrogen bonds, inadvertently losing some of the heat
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
surface tension results from hydrogen bonds
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
**ph**
|
||||||
|
ph measures how acidic or basic a solution is
|
||||||
|
![[Pasted image 20260810212842.png]]"**==Acids==** donate protons (Hydrogens) to **==bases==**, which are hydrogen/proton acceptors. Let’s use the self ionization of water pictured above as an example. One of the water molecules is acting as an acid and donating an H+ ion (proton) to the other water molecule, which is the base. This forms a hydronium ion (H3O+) and a hydroxide ion (OH−)."
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
solutions with more hydroniums than hydroxides are acidic, and the other way
|
||||||
|
![[Pasted image 20260810213049.png]]
|
||||||
|
$pH=-\log[H^+]$
|
||||||
|
where $H^+$ is the hydronium concentration in the solution
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
pH has an opposite, pOH
|
||||||
|
by definition the pH + pOH of a solution will always equal 14
|
||||||
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
|
|||||||
[[Matter and Chemical Bonding]]
|
[[Matter and Chemical Bonding]]
|
||||||
[[electronegativity]]
|
[[electronegativity]]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
when 2 bonding atoms have an $\Delta$ EN greater than 0.5 and less than 1.7, it's a polar covalent bond
|
when 2 bonding atoms have an $\Delta$ EN greater than 0.5 and less than 1.7, it's a polar covalent bond
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
polar covalents have an imbalance of electrons
|
||||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user