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2026-08-17 14:29:08: Cell Compartmentalization

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johnruina
2026-08-17 14:29:09 -04:00
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biology/Cell Structure and Function/Origins of Cell Compartmentalization.md
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Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound nucleus and other organelles, while prokaryotic lacks these and has DNA free in the cytoplasm.
Prokaryotic properties:
* Nucleoid region - circular dna not wrapped in membranes
* Nucleoid region - circular DNA not wrapped in membranes
* Ribosomes - protein making structures that are smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes
* Plasmids - small rings of extra dna separate from the main chromosome
* Plasmids - small rings of extra DNA separate from the main chromosome
* Inclusion bodies - storage for nutrients
* Thylakoid membrane - in photosynthetic bacteria, membranes that capture light
Eukaryotic properties:
* Nucleus - hold and protect dna
* Nucleus - hold and protect DNA
* Mitochondria - site of aerobic cellular respiration
* Chloroplast - site of photosynthesis
* Endoplasmic reticulum - protein and lipid synthesis, as well as transportation
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## Evidence for Endosymbiosis
Strongest evidence is that chloroplast and mitochondria look like the bacteria they came from.
* mitochondria and chloroplast carry their own dna, and it's circular like the bacteria
* mitochondria and chloroplast carry their own DNA, and it's circular like the bacteria
* both have double membranes, one from the original prokaryotic cells and another for when the plasma engulfed it.
* same size as bacteria and split seperately from rest of cell
* same size as bacteria and split separately from rest of cell
* ribosomes are more like bacteria ribosomes than the host cell ribosomes
* some make their own proteins
![[Pasted image 20260816073410.png]]