dont know

stuff
2026-07-18 07:46:28 -04:00 · 2026-07-17 21:58:43 -04:00 · 2026-07-17 20:42:07 -04:00
190 changed files with 141 additions and 25768 deletions
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-.obsidian/workspace.json
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 {
  "cssTheme": "Minimal",
-  "theme": "system"
+  "theme": "obsidian"
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 [
-  "obsidian-git",
-  "obsidian-tasks-plugin"
+  "obsidian-excalidraw-plugin"
 ]
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
  "showAttachments": false,
  "hideUnresolved": false,
  "showOrphans": true,
-  "collapse-color-groups": false,
+  "collapse-color-groups": true,
  "colorGroups": [],
  "collapse-display": false,
  "showArrow": false,
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@
  "nodeSizeMultiplier": 1,
  "lineSizeMultiplier": 1,
  "collapse-forces": false,
-  "centerStrength": 0.937560975609756,
-  "repelStrength": 18.5634118967452,
+  "centerStrength": 0.518713248970312,
+  "repelStrength": 10,
  "linkStrength": 1,
-  "linkDistance": 52,
-  "scale": 0.3276751208631111,
+  "linkDistance": 250,
+  "scale": 0.554975466409209,
  "close": true
 }
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "id": "dataview",
-  "name": "Dataview",
-  "version": "0.5.68",
-  "minAppVersion": "0.13.11",
-  "description": "Complex data views for the data-obsessed.",
-  "author": "Michael Brenan <blacksmithgu@gmail.com>",
-  "authorUrl": "https://github.com/blacksmithgu",
-  "helpUrl": "https://blacksmithgu.github.io/obsidian-dataview/",
-  "isDesktopOnly": false
-}
@@ -1,141 +0,0 @@
-.block-language-dataview {
-    overflow-y: auto;
-}
-
-/*****************/
-/** Table Views **/
-/*****************/
-
-/* List View Default Styling; rendered internally as a table. */
-.table-view-table {
-    width: 100%;
-}
-
-.table-view-table > thead > tr, .table-view-table > tbody > tr {
-    margin-top: 1em;
-    margin-bottom: 1em;
-    text-align: left;
-}
-
-.table-view-table > tbody > tr:hover {
-    background-color: var(--table-row-background-hover);
-}
-
-.table-view-table > thead > tr > th {
-    font-weight: 700;
-    font-size: larger;
-    border-top: none;
-    border-left: none;
-    border-right: none;
-    border-bottom: solid;
-
-    max-width: 100%;
-}
-
-.table-view-table > tbody > tr > td {
-    text-align: left;
-    border: none;
-    font-weight: 400;
-    max-width: 100%;
-}
-
-.table-view-table ul, .table-view-table ol {
-    margin-block-start: 0.2em !important;
-    margin-block-end: 0.2em !important;
-}
-
-/** Rendered value styling for any view. */
-.dataview-result-list-root-ul {
-    padding: 0em !important;
-    margin: 0em !important;
-}
-
-.dataview-result-list-ul {
-    margin-block-start: 0.2em !important;
-    margin-block-end: 0.2em !important;
-}
-
-/** Generic grouping styling. */
-.dataview.result-group {
-    padding-left: 8px;
-}
-
-/*******************/
-/** Inline Fields **/
-/*******************/
-
-.dataview.inline-field-key {
-    padding-left: 8px;
-    padding-right: 8px;
-    font-family: var(--font-monospace);
-    background-color: var(--background-primary-alt);
-    color: var(--nav-item-color-selected);
-}
-
-.dataview.inline-field-value {
-    padding-left: 8px;
-    padding-right: 8px;
-    font-family: var(--font-monospace);
-    background-color: var(--background-secondary-alt);
-    color: var(--nav-item-color-selected);
-}
-
-.dataview.inline-field-standalone-value {
-    padding-left: 8px;
-    padding-right: 8px;
-    font-family: var(--font-monospace);
-    background-color: var(--background-secondary-alt);
-    color: var(--nav-item-color-selected);
-}
-
-/***************/
-/** Task View **/
-/***************/
-
-.dataview.task-list-item, .dataview.task-list-basic-item {
-    margin-top: 3px;
-    margin-bottom: 3px;
-    transition: 0.4s;
-}
-
-.dataview.task-list-item:hover, .dataview.task-list-basic-item:hover {
-    background-color: var(--text-selection);
-    box-shadow: -40px 0 0 var(--text-selection);
-    cursor: pointer;
-}
-
-/*****************/
-/** Error Views **/
-/*****************/
-
-div.dataview-error-box {
-    width: 100%;
-    min-height: 150px;
-    display: flex;
-    align-items: center;
-    justify-content: center;
-    border: 4px dashed var(--background-secondary);
-}
-
-.dataview-error-message {
-    color: var(--text-muted);
-    text-align: center;
-}
-
-/*************************/
-/** Additional Metadata **/
-/*************************/
-
-.dataview.small-text {
-    font-size: smaller;
-    color: var(--text-muted);
-    margin-left: 3px;
-}
-
-.dataview.small-text::before {
-	content: "(";
-}
-
-.dataview.small-text::after {
-	content: ")";
-}
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "author": "Vinzent",
-    "authorUrl": "https://github.com/Vinzent03",
-    "id": "obsidian-git",
-    "name": "Git",
-    "description": "Integrate Git version control with automatic backup and other advanced features.",
-    "isDesktopOnly": false,
-    "fundingUrl": "https://ko-fi.com/vinzent",
-    "version": "2.38.6"
-}
@@ -1,705 +0,0 @@
-@keyframes loading {
-    0% {
-        transform: rotate(0deg);
-    }
-
-    100% {
-        transform: rotate(360deg);
-    }
-}
-
-.workspace-leaf-content[data-type="git-view"] .button-border {
-    border: 2px solid var(--interactive-accent);
-    border-radius: var(--radius-s);
-}
-
-.workspace-leaf-content[data-type="git-view"] .view-content {
-    padding-left: 0;
-    padding-top: 0;
-    padding-right: 0;
-}
-
-.workspace-leaf-content[data-type="git-history-view"] .view-content {
-    padding-left: 0;
-    padding-top: 0;
-    padding-right: 0;
-}
-
-.loading {
-    overflow: hidden;
-}
-
-.loading > svg {
-    animation: 2s linear infinite loading;
-    transform-origin: 50% 50%;
-    display: inline-block;
-}
-
-.obsidian-git-center {
-    margin: auto;
-    text-align: center;
-    width: 50%;
-}
-
-.obsidian-git-textarea {
-    display: block;
-    margin-left: auto;
-    margin-right: auto;
-}
-
-.obsidian-git-disabled {
-    opacity: 0.5;
-}
-
-.obsidian-git-center-button {
-    display: block;
-    margin: 20px auto;
-}
-
-.tooltip.mod-left {
-    overflow-wrap: break-word;
-}
-
-.tooltip.mod-right {
-    overflow-wrap: break-word;
-}
-
-/* Limits the scrollbar to the view body */
-.git-view {
-    display: flex;
-    flex-direction: column;
-    position: relative;
-    height: 100%;
-}
-
-/* Re-enable wrapping of nav buttns to prevent overflow on smaller screens #*/
-.workspace-drawer .git-view .nav-buttons-container {
-    flex-wrap: wrap;
-}
-
-.git-tools {
-    display: flex;
-    margin-left: auto;
-}
-.git-tools .type {
-    padding-left: var(--size-2-1);
-    display: flex;
-    align-items: center;
-    justify-content: center;
-    width: 11px;
-}
-
-.git-tools .type[data-type="M"] {
-    color: orange;
-}
-.git-tools .type[data-type="D"] {
-    color: red;
-}
-.git-tools .buttons {
-    display: flex;
-}
-.git-tools .buttons > * {
-    padding: 0;
-    height: auto;
-}
-
-.workspace-leaf-content[data-type="git-view"] .tree-item-self,
-.workspace-leaf-content[data-type="git-history-view"] .tree-item-self {
-    align-items: center;
-}
-
-.workspace-leaf-content[data-type="git-view"]
-    .tree-item-self:hover
-    .clickable-icon,
-.workspace-leaf-content[data-type="git-history-view"]
-    .tree-item-self:hover
-    .clickable-icon {
-    color: var(--icon-color-hover);
-}
-
-/* Highlight an item as active if it's diff is currently opened */
-.is-active .git-tools .buttons > * {
-    color: var(--nav-item-color-active);
-}
-
-.git-author {
-    color: var(--text-accent);
-}
-
-.git-date {
-    color: var(--text-accent);
-}
-
-.git-ref {
-    color: var(--text-accent);
-}
-
-/* ====== diff2html ======
-The following styles are adapted from the obsidian-version-history plugin by
-@kometenstaub https://github.com/kometenstaub/obsidian-version-history-diff/blob/main/src/styles.scss
-which itself is adapted from the diff2html library with the following original license:
-
-   	https://github.com/rtfpessoa/diff2html/blob/master/LICENSE.md
-
-	Copyright 2014-2016 Rodrigo Fernandes https://rtfpessoa.github.io/
-
-	Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
-	documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
-	rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
-	persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-	The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the
-	Software.
-
-	THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE
-	WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
-	COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
-	OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
-*/
-
-.theme-dark,
-.theme-light {
-    --git-delete-bg: #ff475040;
-    --git-delete-hl: #96050a75;
-    --git-insert-bg: #68d36840;
-    --git-insert-hl: #23c02350;
-    --git-change-bg: #ffd55840;
-    --git-selected: #3572b0;
-
-    --git-delete: #cc3333;
-    --git-insert: #399839;
-    --git-change: #d0b44c;
-    --git-move: #3572b0;
-}
-
-.git-diff {
-    .d2h-d-none {
-        display: none;
-    }
-    .d2h-wrapper {
-        text-align: left;
-        border-radius: 0.25em;
-        overflow: auto;
-    }
-    .d2h-file-header.d2h-file-header {
-        background-color: var(--background-secondary);
-        border-bottom: 1px solid var(--background-modifier-border);
-        font-family:
-            Source Sans Pro,
-            Helvetica Neue,
-            Helvetica,
-            Arial,
-            sans-serif;
-        height: 35px;
-        padding: 5px 10px;
-    }
-    .d2h-file-header,
-    .d2h-file-stats {
-        display: -webkit-box;
-        display: -ms-flexbox;
-        display: flex;
-    }
-    .d2h-file-header {
-        display: none;
-    }
-    .d2h-file-stats {
-        font-size: 14px;
-        margin-left: auto;
-    }
-    .d2h-lines-added {
-        border: 1px solid var(--color-green);
-        border-radius: 5px 0 0 5px;
-        color: var(--color-green);
-        padding: 2px;
-        text-align: right;
-        vertical-align: middle;
-    }
-    .d2h-lines-deleted {
-        border: 1px solid var(--color-red);
-        border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0;
-        color: var(--color-red);
-        margin-left: 1px;
-        padding: 2px;
-        text-align: left;
-        vertical-align: middle;
-    }
-    .d2h-file-name-wrapper {
-        -webkit-box-align: center;
-        -ms-flex-align: center;
-        align-items: center;
-        display: -webkit-box;
-        display: -ms-flexbox;
-        display: flex;
-        font-size: 15px;
-        width: 100%;
-    }
-    .d2h-file-name {
-        overflow: hidden;
-        text-overflow: ellipsis;
-        white-space: nowrap;
-        color: var(--text-normal);
-        font-size: var(--h5-size);
-    }
-    .d2h-file-wrapper {
-        border: 1px solid var(--background-secondary-alt);
-        border-radius: 3px;
-        margin-bottom: 1em;
-        max-height: 100%;
-    }
-    .d2h-file-collapse {
-        -webkit-box-pack: end;
-        -ms-flex-pack: end;
-        -webkit-box-align: center;
-        -ms-flex-align: center;
-        align-items: center;
-        border: 1px solid var(--background-secondary-alt);
-        border-radius: 3px;
-        cursor: pointer;
-        display: none;
-        font-size: 12px;
-        justify-content: flex-end;
-        padding: 4px 8px;
-    }
-    .d2h-file-collapse.d2h-selected {
-        background-color: var(--git-selected);
-    }
-    .d2h-file-collapse-input {
-        margin: 0 4px 0 0;
-    }
-    .d2h-diff-table {
-        border-collapse: collapse;
-        font-family: var(--font-monospace);
-        font-size: var(--code-size);
-        width: 100%;
-    }
-    .d2h-files-diff {
-        width: 100%;
-    }
-    .d2h-file-diff {
-        /*
-		overflow-y: scroll;
-		*/
-        border-radius: 5px;
-        font-size: var(--font-text-size);
-        line-height: var(--line-height-normal);
-    }
-    .d2h-file-side-diff {
-        display: inline-block;
-        margin-bottom: -8px;
-        margin-right: -4px;
-        overflow-x: scroll;
-        overflow-y: hidden;
-        width: 50%;
-    }
-    .d2h-code-line {
-        padding-left: 6em;
-        padding-right: 1.5em;
-    }
-    .d2h-code-line,
-    .d2h-code-side-line {
-        display: inline-block;
-        -webkit-user-select: none;
-        -moz-user-select: none;
-        -ms-user-select: none;
-        user-select: none;
-        white-space: nowrap;
-        width: 100%;
-    }
-    .d2h-code-side-line {
-        /* needed to be changed */
-        padding-left: 0.5em;
-        padding-right: 0.5em;
-    }
-    .d2h-code-line-ctn {
-        word-wrap: normal;
-        background: none;
-        display: inline-block;
-        padding: 0;
-        -webkit-user-select: text;
-        -moz-user-select: text;
-        -ms-user-select: text;
-        user-select: text;
-        vertical-align: middle;
-        width: 100%;
-        /* only works for line-by-line */
-        white-space: pre-wrap;
-    }
-    .d2h-code-line del,
-    .d2h-code-side-line del {
-        background-color: var(--git-delete-hl);
-        color: var(--text-normal);
-    }
-    .d2h-code-line del,
-    .d2h-code-line ins,
-    .d2h-code-side-line del,
-    .d2h-code-side-line ins {
-        border-radius: 0.2em;
-        display: inline-block;
-        margin-top: -1px;
-        text-decoration: none;
-        vertical-align: middle;
-    }
-    .d2h-code-line ins,
-    .d2h-code-side-line ins {
-        background-color: var(--git-insert-hl);
-        text-align: left;
-    }
-    .d2h-code-line-prefix {
-        word-wrap: normal;
-        background: none;
-        display: inline;
-        padding: 0;
-        white-space: pre;
-    }
-    .line-num1 {
-        float: left;
-    }
-    .line-num1,
-    .line-num2 {
-        -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
-        box-sizing: border-box;
-        overflow: hidden;
-        /*
-		padding: 0 0.5em;
-		*/
-        text-overflow: ellipsis;
-        width: 2.5em;
-        padding-left: 0;
-    }
-    .line-num2 {
-        float: right;
-    }
-    .d2h-code-linenumber {
-        background-color: var(--background-primary);
-        border: solid var(--background-modifier-border);
-        border-width: 0 1px;
-        -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
-        box-sizing: border-box;
-        color: var(--text-faint);
-        cursor: pointer;
-        display: inline-block;
-        position: absolute;
-        text-align: right;
-        width: 5.5em;
-    }
-    .d2h-code-linenumber:after {
-        content: "\200b";
-    }
-    .d2h-code-side-linenumber {
-        background-color: var(--background-primary);
-        border: solid var(--background-modifier-border);
-        border-width: 0 1px;
-        -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
-        box-sizing: border-box;
-        color: var(--text-faint);
-        cursor: pointer;
-        overflow: hidden;
-        padding: 0 0.5em;
-        text-align: right;
-        text-overflow: ellipsis;
-        width: 4em;
-        /* needed to be changed */
-        display: table-cell;
-        position: relative;
-    }
-    .d2h-code-side-linenumber:after {
-        content: "\200b";
-    }
-    .d2h-code-side-emptyplaceholder,
-    .d2h-emptyplaceholder {
-        background-color: var(--background-primary);
-        border-color: var(--background-modifier-border);
-    }
-    .d2h-code-line-prefix,
-    .d2h-code-linenumber,
-    .d2h-code-side-linenumber,
-    .d2h-emptyplaceholder {
-        -webkit-user-select: none;
-        -moz-user-select: none;
-        -ms-user-select: none;
-        user-select: none;
-    }
-    .d2h-code-linenumber,
-    .d2h-code-side-linenumber {
-        direction: rtl;
-    }
-    .d2h-del {
-        background-color: var(--git-delete-bg);
-        border-color: var(--git-delete-hl);
-    }
-    .d2h-ins {
-        background-color: var(--git-insert-bg);
-        border-color: var(--git-insert-hl);
-    }
-    .d2h-info {
-        background-color: var(--background-primary);
-        border-color: var(--background-modifier-border);
-        color: var(--text-faint);
-    }
-    .d2h-del,
-    .d2h-ins,
-    .d2h-file-diff .d2h-change {
-        color: var(--text-normal);
-    }
-    .d2h-file-diff .d2h-del.d2h-change {
-        background-color: var(--git-change-bg);
-    }
-    .d2h-file-diff .d2h-ins.d2h-change {
-        background-color: var(--git-insert-bg);
-    }
-    .d2h-file-list-wrapper {
-        a {
-            text-decoration: none;
-            cursor: default;
-            -webkit-user-drag: none;
-        }
-
-        svg {
-            display: none;
-        }
-    }
-    .d2h-file-list-header {
-        text-align: left;
-    }
-    .d2h-file-list-title {
-        display: none;
-    }
-    .d2h-file-list-line {
-        display: -webkit-box;
-        display: -ms-flexbox;
-        display: flex;
-        text-align: left;
-    }
-    .d2h-file-list {
-    }
-    .d2h-file-list > li {
-        border-bottom: 1px solid var(--background-modifier-border);
-        margin: 0;
-        padding: 5px 10px;
-    }
-    .d2h-file-list > li:last-child {
-        border-bottom: none;
-    }
-    .d2h-file-switch {
-        cursor: pointer;
-        display: none;
-        font-size: 10px;
-    }
-    .d2h-icon {
-        fill: currentColor;
-        margin-right: 10px;
-        vertical-align: middle;
-    }
-    .d2h-deleted {
-        color: var(--git-delete);
-    }
-    .d2h-added {
-        color: var(--git-insert);
-    }
-    .d2h-changed {
-        color: var(--git-change);
-    }
-    .d2h-moved {
-        color: var(--git-move);
-    }
-    .d2h-tag {
-        background-color: var(--background-secondary);
-        display: -webkit-box;
-        display: -ms-flexbox;
-        display: flex;
-        font-size: 10px;
-        margin-left: 5px;
-        padding: 0 2px;
-    }
-    .d2h-deleted-tag {
-        border: 1px solid var(--git-delete);
-    }
-    .d2h-added-tag {
-        border: 1px solid var(--git-insert);
-    }
-    .d2h-changed-tag {
-        border: 1px solid var(--git-change);
-    }
-    .d2h-moved-tag {
-        border: 1px solid var(--git-move);
-    }
-
-    /* needed for line-by-line*/
-
-    .d2h-diff-tbody {
-        position: relative;
-    }
-
-    /* My additions */
-    .cm-merge-revert {
-        width: 4em;
-    }
-    /* Ensure that merge revert markers are positioned correctly */
-    .cm-merge-revert > * {
-        position: absolute;
-        background-color: var(--background-secondary);
-        display: flex;
-    }
-}
-
-/* ====================== Line Authoring Information ====================== */
-
-.cm-gutterElement.obs-git-blame-gutter {
-    /* Add background color to spacing inbetween and around the gutter for better aesthetics */
-    border-width: 0px 2px 0.2px;
-    border-style: solid;
-    border-color: var(--background-secondary);
-    background-color: var(--background-secondary);
-}
-
-.cm-gutterElement.obs-git-blame-gutter > div,
-.line-author-settings-preview {
-    /* delegate text color to settings */
-    color: var(--obs-git-gutter-text);
-    font-family: monospace;
-    height: 100%; /* ensure, that age-based background color occupies entire parent */
-    text-align: right;
-    padding: 0px 6px;
-    white-space: pre; /* Keep spaces and do not collapse them. */
-}
-
-@media (max-width: 800px) {
-    /* hide git blame gutter not to superpose text */
-    .cm-gutterElement.obs-git-blame-gutter {
-        display: none;
-    }
-}
-
-.git-unified-diff-view,
-.git-split-diff-view .cm-deletedLine .cm-changedText {
-    background-color: #ee443330;
-}
-
-.git-unified-diff-view,
-.git-split-diff-view .cm-insertedLine .cm-changedText {
-    background-color: #22bb2230;
-}
-
-.git-obscure-prompt[git-is-obscured="true"] #git-show-password:after {
-    -webkit-mask-image: url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon lucide-eye"><path d="M2.062 12.348a1 1 0 0 1 0-.696 10.75 10.75 0 0 1 19.876 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 .696 10.75 10.75 0 0 1-19.876 0"></path><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="3"></circle></svg>');
-}
-
-.git-obscure-prompt[git-is-obscured="false"] #git-show-password:after {
-    -webkit-mask-image: url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="svg-icon lucide-eye-off"><path d="M10.733 5.076a10.744 10.744 0 0 1 11.205 6.575 1 1 0 0 1 0 .696 10.747 10.747 0 0 1-1.444 2.49"></path><path d="M14.084 14.158a3 3 0 0 1-4.242-4.242"></path><path d="M17.479 17.499a10.75 10.75 0 0 1-15.417-5.151 1 1 0 0 1 0-.696 10.75 10.75 0 0 1 4.446-5.143"></path><path d="m2 2 20 20"></path></svg>');
-}
-
-/* Override styling of Codemirror merge view "collapsed lines" indicator */
-.git-split-diff-view .ͼ2 .cm-collapsedLines {
-    background: var(--interactive-normal);
-    border-radius: var(--radius-m);
-    color: var(--text-accent);
-    font-size: var(--font-small);
-    padding: var(--size-4-1) var(--size-4-1);
-}
-.git-split-diff-view .ͼ2 .cm-collapsedLines:hover {
-    background: var(--interactive-hover);
-    color: var(--text-accent-hover);
-}
-
-.git-signs-gutter {
-    .cm-gutterElement {
-        display: grid;
-
-        /* Needed to align the sign properly for different line heigts. Such as
-         * when having a heading or list item.
-         */
-        padding-top: 0 !important;
-    }
-}
-
-.git-gutter-marker:hover {
-    border-radius: 2px;
-}
-
-.git-gutter-marker.git-add {
-    background-color: var(--color-green);
-    justify-self: center;
-    height: inherit;
-    width: 0.2rem;
-}
-
-.git-gutter-marker.git-change {
-    background-color: var(--color-yellow);
-    justify-self: center;
-    height: inherit;
-    width: 0.2rem;
-}
-
-.git-gutter-marker.git-changedelete {
-    color: var(--color-yellow);
-    font-weight: var(--font-bold);
-    font-size: 1rem;
-    justify-self: center;
-    height: inherit;
-}
-
-.git-gutter-marker.git-delete {
-    background-color: var(--color-red);
-    height: 0.2rem;
-    width: 0.8rem;
-    align-self: end;
-}
-
-.git-gutter-marker.git-topdelete {
-    background-color: var(--color-red);
-    height: 0.2rem;
-    width: 0.8rem;
-    align-self: start;
-}
-
-div:hover > .git-gutter-marker.git-change {
-    width: 0.6rem;
-}
-
-div:hover > .git-gutter-marker.git-add {
-    width: 0.6rem;
-}
-
-div:hover > .git-gutter-marker.git-delete {
-    height: 0.6rem;
-}
-
-div:hover > .git-gutter-marker.git-topdelete {
-    height: 0.6rem;
-}
-
-div:hover > .git-gutter-marker.git-changedelete {
-    font-weight: var(--font-bold);
-}
-
-.git-gutter-marker.staged {
-    opacity: 0.5;
-}
-
-/* Prevent shifting of the editor when git signs gutter is the only gutter present */
-.cm-gutters.cm-gutters-before:has(> .git-signs-gutter:only-child) {
-    margin-inline-end: 0;
-    .git-signs-gutter {
-        margin-inline-start: -1rem;
-    }
-}
-
-.git-changes-status-bar-colored {
-    .git-add {
-        color: var(--color-green);
-    }
-    .git-change {
-        color: var(--color-yellow);
-    }
-    .git-delete {
-        color: var(--color-red);
-    }
-}
-
-.git-changes-status-bar .git-add {
-    margin-right: 0.3em;
-}
-
-.git-changes-status-bar .git-change {
-    margin-right: 0.3em;
-}
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-{
-	"id": "obsidian-kanban",
-	"name": "Kanban",
-	"version": "2.0.51",
-	"minAppVersion": "1.0.0",
-	"description": "Create markdown-backed Kanban boards in Obsidian.",
-	"author": "mgmeyers",
-	"authorUrl": "https://github.com/mgmeyers/obsidian-kanban",
-	"helpUrl": "https://publish.obsidian.md/kanban/Obsidian+Kanban+Plugin",
-	"isDesktopOnly": false
-}
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "id": "obsidian-tasks-plugin",
-  "name": "Tasks",
-  "version": "8.3.0",
-  "minAppVersion": "1.8.7",
-  "description": "Track tasks across your vault. Supports due dates, recurring tasks, done dates, sub-set of checklist items, and filtering.",
-  "helpUrl": "https://publish.obsidian.md/tasks/",
-  "author": "Clare Macrae and Ilyas Landikov (created by Martin Schenck)",
-  "authorUrl": "https://github.com/obsidian-tasks-group",
-  "fundingUrl": "https://github.com/sponsors/claremacrae",
-  "isDesktopOnly": false
-}
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "id": "templater-obsidian",
-    "name": "Templater",
-    "version": "2.25.0",
-    "description": "Advanced templating and automation using handlebars-like syntax.",
-    "minAppVersion": "1.13.0",
-    "author": "SilentVoid",
-    "authorUrl": "https://github.com/SilentVoid13",
-    "fundingUrl": {
-        "GitHub Sponser (Zachatoo, maintainer)": "https://github.com/sponsors/Zachatoo",
-        "Ko-fi (Zachatoo, maintainer)": "https://ko-fi.com/zachatoo",
-        "GitHub Sponser (SilentVoid13, creator)": "https://github.com/sponsors/SilentVoid13",
-        "Paypal (SilentVoid13, creator)": "https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=U2SRGAFYXT32Q"
-    },
-    "helpUrl": "https://silentvoid13.github.io/Templater/",
-    "isDesktopOnly": false
-}
@@ -1,170 +0,0 @@
-.templater-prompt-div,
-.templater-multisuggester-div {
-    display: flex;
-}
-
-.templater-prompt-input,
-.templater-multisuggester-input {
-    flex-grow: 1;
-}
-
-.templater-button-div {
-    display: flex;
-    flex-direction: column;
-    align-items: center;
-    margin-top: 1rem;
-}
-
-textarea.templater-prompt-input {
-    height: 10rem;
-}
-
-.templater-ignore-folder-modal .modal-content input[type="text"],
-.templater-startup-template-modal .modal-content input[type="text"] {
-    width: 100%;
-}
-
-textarea.templater-prompt-input:focus {
-    border-color: var(--interactive-accent);
-}
-
-.templater-multisuggester-list {
-    margin: 1.5em 0;
-}
-
-.cm-s-obsidian .templater-command-bg {
-    left: 0px;
-    right: 0px;
-    background-color: var(--background-primary-alt);
-}
-
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command {
-    font-size: 0.85em;
-    font-family: var(--font-monospace);
-    line-height: 1.3;
-}
-
-.cm-s-obsidian .templater-inline .cm-templater-command {
-    background-color: var(--background-primary-alt);
-}
-
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-templater-opening-tag {
-    font-weight: bold;
-}
-
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-templater-closing-tag {
-    font-weight: bold;
-}
-
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-templater-interpolation-tag {
-    color: var(--code-property, #008bff);
-}
-
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-templater-execution-tag {
-    color: var(--code-function, #c0d700);
-}
-
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-keyword {
-    color: var(--code-keyword, #00a7aa);
-    font-weight: normal;
-}
-
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-atom {
-    color: var(--code-normal, #f39b35);
-}
-
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-value,
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-number,
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-type {
-    color: var(--code-value, #a06fca);
-}
-
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-def,
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-type.cm-def {
-    color: var(--code-normal, var(--text-normal));
-}
-
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-property,
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-property.cm-def,
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-attribute {
-    color: var(--code-function, #98e342);
-}
-
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-variable,
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-variable-2,
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-variable-3,
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-meta {
-    color: var(--code-property, #d4d4d4);
-}
-
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-callee,
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-operator,
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-qualifier,
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-builtin {
-    color: var(--code-operator, #fc4384);
-}
-
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-tag {
-    color: var(--code-tag, #fc4384);
-}
-
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-comment,
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-comment.cm-tag,
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-comment.cm-attribute {
-    color: var(--code-comment, #696d70);
-}
-
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-string,
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-string-2 {
-    color: var(--code-string, #e6db74);
-}
-
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-header,
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-hr {
-    color: var(--code-keyword, #da7dae);
-}
-
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-link {
-    color: var(--code-normal, #696d70);
-}
-
-.cm-s-obsidian .cm-templater-command.cm-error {
-    border-bottom: 1px solid #c42412;
-}
-
-.CodeMirror-hints {
-    position: absolute;
-    z-index: 10;
-    overflow: hidden;
-    list-style: none;
-
-    margin: 0;
-    padding: 2px;
-
-    -webkit-box-shadow: 2px 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
-    -moz-box-shadow: 2px 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
-    box-shadow: 2px 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
-    border-radius: 3px;
-    border: 1px solid silver;
-
-    background: white;
-    font-size: 90%;
-    font-family: monospace;
-
-    max-height: 20em;
-    overflow-y: auto;
-}
-
-.CodeMirror-hint {
-    margin: 0;
-    padding: 0 4px;
-    border-radius: 2px;
-    white-space: pre;
-    color: black;
-    cursor: pointer;
-}
-
-li.CodeMirror-hint-active {
-    background: #0088ff;
-    color: white;
-}
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-{
-   "name": "Obsidian Nord",
-   "version": "0.2.0",
-   "minAppVersion": "0.16.0",
-   "author": "insanum",
-   "authorUrl": "https://insanum.com"
-}
@@ -1,525 +0,0 @@
-
-:root
-{
-    --dark0_x:  46,52,64; /* #2e3440 */
-    --dark0:    rgb(var(--dark0_x));
-    --dark1_x:  59,66,82; /* #3b4252 */
-    --dark1:    rgb(var(--dark1_x));
-    --dark2_x:  67,76,94; /* #434c5e */
-    --dark2:    rgb(var(--dark2_x));
-    --dark3_x:  76,86,106; /* #4c566a */
-    --dark3:    rgb(var(--dark3_x));
-
-    --light0_x: 216,222,233; /* #d8dee9 */
-    --light0:   rgb(var(--light0_x));
-    --light1_x: 229,233,240; /* #e5e9f0 */
-    --light1:   rgb(var(--light1_x));
-    --light2_x: 236,239,244; /* #eceff4 */
-    --light2:   rgb(var(--light2_x));
-    --light3_x: 255,255,255; /* #ffffff */
-    --light3:   rgb(var(--light3_x));
-
-    --frost0_x: 143,188,187; /* #8fbcbb */
-    --frost0:   rgb(var(--frost0_x));
-    --frost1_x: 136,192,208; /* #88c0d0 */
-    --frost1:   rgb(var(--frost1_x));
-    --frost2_x: 129,161,193; /* #81a1c1 */
-    --frost2:   rgb(var(--frost2_x));
-    --frost3_x: 94,129,172; /* #5e81ac */
-    --frost3:   rgb(var(--frost3_x));
-
-    --red_x:    191,97,106; /* #bf616a */
-    --red:      rgb(var(--red_x));
-    --orange_x: 208,135,112; /* #d08770 */
-    --orange:   rgb(var(--orange_x));
-    --yellow_x: 235,203,139; /* #ebcb8b */
-    --yellow:   rgb(var(--yellow_x));
-    --green_x:  163,190,140; /* #a3be8c */
-    --green:    rgb(var(--green_x));
-    --purple_x: 180,142,173; /* #b48ead */
-    --purple:   rgb(var(--purple_x));
-}
-
-body
-{
-    --accent-h: 354; /* --red #bf616a */
-    --accent-s: 42%;
-    --accent-l: 56%;
-
-    --link-decoration:                none;
-    --link-decoration-hover:          none;
-    --link-external-decoration:       none;
-    --link-external-decoration-hover: none;
-
-    --tag-decoration:                 none;
-    --tag-decoration-hover:           underline;
-    --tag-padding-x:                  .5em;
-    --tag-padding-y:                  .2em;
-    --tag-radius:                     .5em;
-
-    --tab-font-weight:                600;
-    --bold-weight:                    600;
-
-    --checkbox-radius:                0;
-
-    /* --list-indent:                    2em; */
-
-    --embed-border-left: 6px double var(--interactive-accent);
-}
-
-.theme-dark
-{
-    --color-red-rgb:                 var(--red_x);
-    --color-red:                     var(--red);
-    --color-purple-rgb:              var(--purple_x);
-    --color-purple:                  var(--purple);
-    --color-green-rgb:               var(--green_x);
-    --color-green:                   var(--green);
-    --color-cyan-rgb:                var(--frost1_x);
-    --color-cyan:                    var(--frost1);
-    --color-blue-rgb:                var(--frost3_x);
-    --color-blue:                    var(--frost3);
-    --color-yellow-rgb:              var(--yellow_x);
-    --color-yellow:                  var(--yellow);
-    --color-orange-rgb:              var(--orange_x);
-    --color-orange:                  var(--orange);
-    /* --color-pink:                    var(--purple); */
-
-    --background-primary:            var(--dark0);
-    --background-primary-alt:        var(--dark0);
-    --background-secondary:          var(--dark1);
-    --background-secondary-alt:      var(--dark2);
-    --background-modifier-border:    var(--dark2);
-
-    --cursor-line-background:        rgba(var(--red_x), 0.2);
-
-    --text-normal:                   var(--light2);
-    --text-faint:                    var(--light0);
-    --text-muted:                    var(--light1);
-
-    --link-url:                      var(--purple);
-
-    --h1-color:                      var(--red);
-    --h2-color:                      var(--yellow);
-    --h3-color:                      var(--green);
-    --h4-color:                      var(--purple);
-    --h5-color:                      var(--frost0);
-    --h6-color:                      var(--frost2);
-
-    --text-highlight-bg:             var(--frost1);
-    --text-highlight-fg:             var(--dark0);
-
-    --text-accent:                   var(--orange);
-    --text-accent-hover:             var(--frost2);
-
-    --tag-color:                     var(--frost0);
-    --tag-background:                var(--dark2);
-    --tag-background-hover:          var(--dark1);
-
-    --titlebar-text-color-focused:   var(--red);
-
-    --inline-title-color:            var(--yellow);
-
-    --bold-color:                    var(--yellow);
-    --italic-color:                  var(--yellow);
-
-    --checkbox-color:                var(--frost0);
-    --checkbox-color-hover:          var(--frost0);
-    --checkbox-border-color:         var(--frost0);
-    --checkbox-border-color-hover:   var(--frost0);
-    --checklist-done-color:          rgba(var(--light2_x), 0.5);
-
-    --table-header-background:       hsl(220, 16%, 16%);
-    --table-header-background-hover: var(--dark3);
-    --table-row-even-background:     hsl(220, 16%, 20%);
-    --table-row-odd-background:      hsl(220, 16%, 24%);
-    --table-row-background-hover:    var(--dark3);
-
-    --text-selection:                rgba(var(--red_x), 0.6);
-    --flashing-background:           rgba(var(--red_x), 0.3);
-
-    --code-normal:                   var(--frost1);
-    --code-background:               var(--dark1);
-
-    --mermaid-note:                  var(--frost3);
-    --mermaid-loopline:              var(--frost1);
-    --mermaid-exclude:               var(--dark3);
-    --mermaid-seqnum:                var(--dark0);
-
-    --icon-color-hover:              var(--red);
-    --icon-color-focused:            var(--frost2);
-
-    --nav-item-color-hover:          var(--red);
-    --nav-item-color-active:         var(--frost2);
-    --nav-file-tag:                  rgba(var(--yellow_x), 0.9);
-
-    --graph-line:                    var(--dark3);
-    --graph-node:                    var(--light3);
-    --graph-node-tag:                var(--red);
-    --graph-node-attachment:         var(--green);
-
-    --calendar-hover:                var(--red);
-    --calendar-background-hover:     var(--dark3);
-    --calendar-week:                 var(--yellow);
-    --calendar-today:                var(--yellow);
-
-    --dataview-key:                  var(--text-faint);
-    --dataview-key-background:       rgba(var(--frost2_x), 0.3);
-    --dataview-value:                var(--text-faint);
-    --dataview-value-background:     rgba(var(--red_x), 0.3);
-
-    --tab-text-color-focused-active:         var(--frost2);
-    --tab-text-color-focused-active-current: var(--red);
-}
-
-.theme-light
-{
-    --color-red-rgb:                 var(--red_x);
-    --color-red:                     var(--red);
-    --color-purple-rgb:              var(--purple_x);
-    --color-purple:                  var(--purple);
-    --color-green-rgb:               var(--green_x);
-    --color-green:                   var(--green);
-    --color-cyan-rgb:                var(--frost1_x);
-    --color-cyan:                    var(--frost1);
-    --color-blue-rgb:                var(--frost3_x);
-    --color-blue:                    var(--frost3);
-    --color-yellow-rgb:              var(--yellow_x);
-    --color-yellow:                  var(--yellow);
-    --color-orange-rgb:              var(--orange_x);
-    --color-orange:                  var(--orange);
-    /* --color-pink:                    var(--purple); */
-
-    --background-primary:            var(--light3);
-    --background-primary-alt:        var(--light3);
-    --background-secondary:          var(--light2);
-    --background-secondary-alt:      var(--light1);
-    --background-modifier-border:    var(--light1);
-
-    --cursor-line-background:        rgba(var(--red_x), 0.1);
-
-    --text-normal:                   var(--dark2);
-    --text-faint:                    var(--dark0);
-    --text-muted:                    var(--dark1);
-
-    --link-url:                      var(--purple);
-
-    --h1-color:                      var(--red);
-    --h2-color:                      var(--yellow);
-    --h3-color:                      var(--green);
-    --h4-color:                      var(--purple);
-    --h5-color:                      var(--frost0);
-    --h6-color:                      var(--frost2);
-
-    --text-highlight-bg:             var(--yellow);
-    --text-highlight-fg:             var(--dark0);
-
-    --text-accent:                   var(--orange);
-    --text-accent-hover:             var(--frost2);
-
-    --tag-color:                     var(--dark3);
-    --tag-background:                var(--light1);
-    --tag-background-hover:          var(--light0);
-
-    --titlebar-text-color-focused:   var(--red);
-
-    --inline-title-color:            var(--yellow);
-
-    --bold-color:                    var(--green);
-    --italic-color:                  var(--green);
-
-    --checkbox-color:                var(--frost2);
-    --checkbox-color-hover:          var(--frost2);
-    --checkbox-border-color:         var(--frost2);
-    --checkbox-border-color-hover:   var(--frost2);
-    --checklist-done-color:          rgba(var(--dark2_x), 0.4);
-
-    --table-header-background:       rgba(var(--light2_x), 0.2);
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+    "physics"
  ]
 }
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
---
-
-excalidraw-plugin: parsed
-tags: [excalidraw]
-
---
-==⚠  Switch to EXCALIDRAW VIEW in the MORE OPTIONS menu of this document. ⚠== You can decompress Drawing data with the command palette: 'Decompress current Excalidraw file'. For more info check in plugin settings under 'Saving'
-
-
-## Drawing
-```compressed-json
-N4IgLgngDgpiBcIYA8DGBDANgSwCYCd0B3EAGhADcZ8BnbAewDsEAmcm+gV31TkQAswYKDXgB6MQHNsYfpwBGAOlT0AtmIBeNCtlQbs6RmPry6uA4wC0KDDgLFLUTJ2lH8MTDHQ0YNMWHRJMRZFFgBWRQBmMiRPVRhGMBoEAG0AXXJ0KCgAZQCwPlBJfDwc7A0+Rk5MTHIdGCIAIXRUAGtirkZcAGF6THp8BBAAYgAzcYmQAF8poA===
-```
-%%
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-[[Organic Chemistry]]
-
-Simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons, composed solely of carbon and hydrogen.
-
-Non-polar, as they contain only hydrogen and carbon.
-
-They are classified as aromatic or aliphatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbons have carbon atoms bonded in chains or rings, including straight chains and cyclic alkenes, alkanes and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons based on aromatic benzene group.
-
-Alkanes are hydrocarbons that only contain single bonds, alkenes contain double bonds and alkynes contain triple bonds.
-
-Alkanes in the shape of a ring are called cycloalkanes. Alkanes not in the shape of rings have formula $C_nH_{2n+2}$. Cycloalkanes are in the shape of rings and have the formula $C_nH_{2n}$. Straight chain alkenes with one double bond have the same formula as cycloalkanes. Straight chain alkynes with one triple bond have the formula $C_nH_{2n-2}$.
-
-Functional groups are groups of reactive bonded atoms that appear in all members of a family. Reactive double bonds are the functional group of alkenes.
-
-# Naming Organic Compounds
-Naming organic compounds usually follows the pattern of prefix + root + suffix.
-
-Root names:
-
-| Number of Carbon atoms | 1    | 2   | 3    | 4   | 5    | 6   | 7    | 8   | 9   | 10  |
-| ---------------------- | ---- | --- | ---- | --- | ---- | --- | ---- | --- | --- | --- |
-| Root                   | meth | eth | prop | but | pent | hex | hept | oct | non | dec |
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-stuff needed to be done
- [ ] print a robot arm
- [ ] write a scientific paper
- [ ] make a human brain model using c++
- [ ] vulkan maybe? dont care too much for it 
- [ ] unreal engine maybe?
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-[[Biology]]
-* In the exam, always connect an organelle to a specific function
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-[[Cell Structure and Function]]
-
-Cell compartmentalization is how eukaryotic cells use membranes to separate specific metabolic processes and enzymatic reactions.
-
-# Summary
-* Internal membranes help cells separate competing interactions and increase surface area where reactions occur
-* Each organelle maintains its own conditions
-* Folded membrane like mitochondrial cristae and chloroplast thylakoids pack more reaction surface into a small space
-* Prokaryotes lack membrane bound organelles, so translation and transcription can occur in the same space
-# Eukaryotic Organization: Separate Compartments for Separate Jobs
-Eukaryotic cells have membranes, prokaryotic cells don't. Eukaryotic cells have organelles which are compartmentalized because they're surrounded by a membrane.
-
-# Nucleus
-* Houses DNA and cell control
-* Surrounded by a double membrane with nuclear pores for transport
-* Creates a protected environment for DNA storage and RNA production
-* Separates transcription (making DNA from RNA) from translation (making proteins from RNA)
-# Endoplasmic Reticulum
-* Rough ER creates specialized area for protein folding and quality control. Connects directly to nuclear membrane for efficient RNA transport.
-* Smooth ER no ribosomes, specializes in lipid production and detoxification. Separate environment for lipid synthesis enzymes, stores calcium ions in a controlled safe space.
-# Golgi Apparatus
-* Receives proteins from ER and modifies them
-* Sorts and packages proteins into vesicles for delivery
-* Works a sequential processing line with enzymes in different cisternae
-* Different cisternae have different conditions for different processing steps
-# Lysosomes
-* Contains hydrolytic enzymes that work best in acidic environments
-* Breaks down cellular waste, old organelles, and foreign material
-* Keeps destructive enzymes safely contained
-# Mitochondria
-* Generates ATP from aerobic respiration
-* Double membrane, outer is smooth and protective, inner is folded into a cristae to increase SA
-* Contains own DNA and ribosomes (evidence they evolved from once free living prokaryotes)
-# Peroxisomes
-* Breaks down fatty acids and toxic molecules
-* Enzymes that produce and break down hydrogen peroxide
-* Safe contained place for these dangerous reactions
-# Vacuoles
-* Stores nutrients waste products and water
-* Helps maintain turgor pressure in plant cells
-* Isolated environment for materials that might hamper other processes
-
-# Why Compartmentalization Improves Efficiency
-* Creates specialized environments (e.g. enzymes like acidic environments, others don't)
-* Increases surface area for reactions
-* Separates competing reactions, some processes would interfere with others
-* Allows proteins to go where they're needed as the membranes hold proteins
-* Prokaryotic cells can do translation and transcription in the same region because they lack compartmentalization, limiting how complex they can become.
-
-| Term                            | Definition                                                                                                                                    |
-| ------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| compartmentalization            | The division of the eukaryotic cell into distinct membrane-bound regions that separate different metabolic processes and enzymatic reactions. |
-| enzymatic reaction              | Chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes that occur within specific cellular compartments to facilitate metabolic processes.                   |
-| eukaryotic cell                 | Cells that contain a membrane-bound nucleus and internal membrane-bound organelles, found in animals, plants, fungi, and protists.            |
-| internal membrane               | Membranes within eukaryotic cells that divide the cell into compartments with specialized functions.                                          |
-| intracellular metabolic process | Chemical reactions and pathways that occur within the cell to build up or break down molecules for energy and biosynthesis.                   |
-| membrane-bound organelle        | Specialized structures within eukaryotic cells enclosed by a membrane that perform specific cellular functions.                               |
-| membrane-bound structure        | Organelles and compartments in eukaryotic cells that are enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane, separating their contents from the cytoplasm.  |
-| organelle                       | Membrane-bound or non-membrane-bound structures within eukaryotic cells that perform specific cellular functions.                             |
-| surface area                    | The total area of a membrane available for chemical reactions and cellular processes to occur.                                                |
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-[[Cell Structure and Function]]
-
-Surface area-to-volume ratio (SA:V) controls how well a cell exchanges materials and energy with its environment. Smaller cells have higher SA:V, so more efficient. As things get bigger, cells require more adaptations to remain fast.
-
-# Summary
-* Higher SA:V means more efficient exchange.
-* Volume grows faster than SA as a cell gets bigger, so SA:V decreases.
-* Folds and projections like microvilli and root hairs increase SA without adding much V.
-* Lower SA:V in larger bodies slows heat exchange and is linked to lower metabolic rate.
-
-Plasma membrane SA must be large enough to exchange stuff fast enough for cell needs. 
-SA:V doesn't only affect size, but also shape. Sphere isn't all that efficient for SA:V. 
-
- _Sphere:_ SA = 4πr², V = (4/3)πr³
- _Cube:_ SA = 6s², V = s³
- _Cylinder:_ SA = 2πrh + 2πr², V = πr²h
- _Rectangular Solid:_ SA = 2(lw + lh + wh), V = lwh
-
-Because SA:V impacts thermal energy transfer, larger organisms lose heat slower than smaller organisms proportionally.
-
-| Term                         | Definition                                                                                                                                                         |
-| ---------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
-| heat exchange                | The transfer of thermal energy between an organism's body and the surrounding environment; rate decreases as organism size increases.                              |
-| membrane folds               | Infoldings of the cell membrane that increase surface area to facilitate more efficient material exchange in complex cells.                                        |
-| metabolic rate               | The rate at which an organism uses energy; typically higher per unit body mass in smaller organisms than in larger organisms.                                      |
-| nutrient exchange            | The process by which cells obtain necessary nutrients from the environment.                                                                                        |
-| plasma membrane              | The selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cell, composed of phospholipids, proteins, and other molecules that regulate what enters and exits the cell. |
-| surface area-to-volume ratio | The relationship between the total surface area and the total volume of a cell or organism; affects the efficiency of material exchange with the environment.      |
-| thermal energy exchange      | The transfer of heat energy between an organism and its environment.                                                                                               |
-| waste products               | Byproducts of cellular metabolism that must be eliminated from cells or organisms.                                                                                 |
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-[[Biology]]
-
-Cell structure and function boils down to the idea that each subcellular component has a structure that supports a singular job.
-
-# Summary
-* Ribosomes are non membrane structures with rRNA and protein, they build proteins by reading mRNA
-* Endomembrane system (ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuole, transport vesicles, nuclear membrane, plasma membrane) work together to modify package and transport proteins lipids and polysaccharides.
-* Rough ER handles protein synthesis and supports compartmentalization.
-* Smooth ER handles lipid synthesis and detoxification.
-* Mitochondria have a double membrane, folded inner membrane increases surface area so ATP is made more efficiently during aerobic respiration.
-* Lysosomes use hydrolytic enzymes to digest material and take part of apoptosis.
-* Vacuoles store material and in plants regulate turgor pressure
-* Chloroplasts have a double membrane and do photosynthesis in plants and photosynthetic algae.
-
-# Plasma Membrane
-Boundary that separates the inside of the cell from the outside. Phospholipid bilayer, meaning 2 layers of phospholipid. Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail, so the heads face the outsides and the tails face the insides.
-![[Pasted image 20260817102835.png]]
-
-# Nucleus
-Stores genetic information (DNA) and directs cell activity. Nucleolus is where rRNA is produced and ribosomal subunits are produced. 
-
-Nuclear envelope is a double membrane. Surrounds nucleus and regulates movement of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm. Continuous with ER.
-
-# Ribosomes
-Ribosomes are non membrane structures with rRNA and protein, they build proteins by reading mRNA. Found in all forms of life. Reflects common ancestry of all known life.
-
-Free ribosomes float in the cytosol and produces proteins for the cell. Bound ribosomes attach to the rough ER and produce proteins for export or membranes.
-
-# Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Rough ER's membrane is embedded with ribosomes, making it look rough. Helps carry out protein synthesis and compartmentalization. Proteins made here are packaged into transport vesicles to be sent to the Golgi complex.
-
-Smooth ER handles lipid synthesis and detox.
-
-# Endomembrane System
-Endomembrane system (ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuole, transport vesicles, nuclear membrane, plasma membrane) work together to modify package and transport proteins lipids and polysaccharides.
-* Nuclear envelope - continuous to ER, regulates transport in and out of nucleus
-* ER - synthesizes and modifies proteins and lipids
-* Golgi complex - packages, modifies and sorts molecules
-* Lysosomes - digests cellular material
-* Vacuoles - membrane bound sacs involved in storage
-* Transport vesicles - shuttle materials between components
-* Plasma membrane - final destination for many packages
-# Golgi Complex
-![[Pasted image 20260817103921.png|394]]
-Folds and chemically modifies synthesized cellular packages like proteins. Vesicles enter at the cis face and exit from the trans face.
-
-Example of chemical modification that occurs in the aforementioned is glycosylation, which adds sugars to proteins.
-
-# Mitochondria
-Mitochondria have a double membrane, folded inner membrane increases surface area so ATP is made more efficiently during aerobic respiration.
-
-Space inside inner membrane is mitochondrial matrix.
-# Lysosomes
-Membrane enclosed sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes used to digest material. Breaks down macromolecules, ingested material and worn down cellular components and recycle cellular material. Also play a part in apoptosis (planned cell death).
-# Vacuoles
-Store material and in plant cells handle turgor pressure (pressure from plasma against cell wall), which helps keeps cell wall rigid.
-
-In animal cells there are more and are smaller.
-# Chloroplasts
-Double membrane, handle photosynthesis, only found in plant and photosynthetic algae cells.
-# Plant Cells vs Animal Cells
-* Ribosomes are in all cells.
-* Membrane bound organelles (nucleus, Golgi, mitochondria, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts) are features of eukaryotic cells. 
-* Plant cells have chloroplasts, a central vacuole and a cell wall.
-* Animal cells have multiple smaller vacuoles.
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-[[Cell Structure and Function]]
-
-Type of passive diffusion that allows molecules that can't cross the hydrophobic core on their own using channel or transport proteins. Requires no energy.
-
-# Summary
-* Aquaporins are channel proteins that move large quantities of water across the membrane.
-* Facilitated diffusion uses transport and channel proteins to move molecules that can't cross the hydrophobic core on their own across the membrane. (More info in Membrane Transport)
-* Movement of ions across membrane can polarize it, creating an uneven charge distribution
-
-**How molecular structure decides the route:**
- Small and nonpolar: passes directly through the bilayer.
- Large and polar (like glucose): needs a transport protein.
- Charged ion (like Na⁺ or K⁺): needs a channel protein.
-
-Water can cross the membrane on their own but it's slow, aquaporins transport large quantities.
-
-| Transport Type        | Energy Required? | Direction   | Examples                                |
-| --------------------- | ---------------- | ----------- | --------------------------------------- |
-| Simple Diffusion      | No               | High to Low | O₂, CO₂                                 |
-| Facilitated Diffusion | No               | High to Low | Glucose, ions, water through aquaporins |
-| Active Transport      | Yes (ATP)        | Low to High | Na⁺/K⁺ pump, calcium pumps              |
-Key difference between simple and facilitated is the protein.
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-[[Cell Structure and Function]]
-
-Mechanisms of active transport.
-
-# Summary
-* Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient and requires energy, usually from ATP hydrolysis
-* Membrane proteins (pumps) required for active transport. Bind to molecules and moves them.
-* Na+/K+ pump (sodium potassium pump) moves 3 Na+ out and 2K+ in per ATP. Builds chemical and electric gradients.
-* Unequal ion movement contribute to membrane potential, helping cell's separation of charges.
-* Gradients store potential energy.
-* Passive transport requires no energy and moves substances down the gradient.
-
-# Why ATP Is Required
-Requires metabolic energy. Uses hydrolysis to break ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), which releases energy that membrane proteins require. When ATP runs out, active transport stops.
-# The Role of Membrane Proteins
-Specialized membrane proteins:
-* Act as pumps
-* Undergo conformational changes using the ATP hydrolysis energy
-* Selective for which molecules they bind to
-* Moves substances across the membrane
-
-# The Sodium-Potassium Pump: The Key Example
-Na+/K+-ATPase is a transmembrane protein that:
-* Runs continuously to maintain ion concentrations, since ions tend to equalize
-* Acts as an ATPase enzyme, catalyzing the ATP hydrolysis
-* Transports 3 Na+ out and 2K+ in per ATP
-* Uses released energy to pump ions against gradient
-Sodium potassium pumps use gradients that combine chemical and electric gradients.
-
-Chemical Gradient:
-* Keeps Na concentration higher outside cell
-* Keeps K concentration higher inside cell
-* Stores potential energy
-
-Electrical Gradient:
-* Because 3 positive ion leave for every 2 that enter, net loss of charge, making interior more negative
-* Contributes to resting membrane potential
-* Helps support nerve impulse transmission, muscle activity, nutrient uptake, 
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-[[Cell Structure and Function]]
-# Summary
-* Selective permeability comes from hydrophobic interior of nuclear membrane since phospholipids have fatty acid tails which are non polar
-* Small non polar molecules ($N_2,O_2,CO_2$) pass through freely
-* Small non charged polar molecules ($H_2O,NH_3$) can slip through in small amounts
-* Ions and and large polar molecules can't cross  and require channels or transport proteins.
-* Cell walls in bacteria, archaea, fungi and plants provides structure, protects against osmotic lysis and acts as a permeability layer for some substances.
-
-![[Pasted image 20260817121113.png]]![[Pasted image 20260817121129.png|526]]
-
-Cell wall material:
-* Bacteria - peptidoglycan
-* Archaea - various polymers (not peptidoglycan)
-* Fungi - chitin
-* Plants - cellulose
-Cell walls maintain shape and mechanical strength, permeability layer, protection from osmotic lysis (rupture via influx of water).
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-[[Cell Structure and Function]]
-
-Membrane transport is how cells move materials across the nuclear membrane. 
-
-Passive transport includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
-
-Active transport and bulk transport, including endocytosis and exocytosis use ATP to move substances against gradients or move large amounts of material.
-
-# Summary
-* Selective permeability comes from hydrophobic membrane interior. 
-* Passive transport moves molecules down a concentration with no metabolic energy. Active transport uses ATP.
-* Concentration gradients store potential energy and let cells keep internal conditions different from outside.
-* Endocytosis and exocytosis move a lot of material and require energy.
-* Direction of movement (high to low/low to high) is the fastest clue to if it's using active or passive.
-* Cells use multiple transport types to maintain levels of solute and water.
-
-Larger movements of water require proteins called aquaporins.
-
-| Molecule Type         | Examples             | Can Cross Freely?   | Needs Transport Protein? |
-| --------------------- | -------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------------ |
-| Small nonpolar        | O₂, CO₂, N₂          | Yes                 | No                       |
-| Small polar uncharged | H₂O, NH₃             | Yes (small amounts) | Yes (large amounts)      |
-| Large polar           | Glucose, amino acids | No                  | Yes                      |
-| Ions                  | Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, Ca²⁺   | No                  | Yes                      |
-# Concentration Gradients
-Selective permeability allows cells to build concentration gradients, which exist when a substance has different concentrations of a substance on either side. 
-
-Allows for storing potential energy, drive passive transport, and maintain internal conditions separate from the outside.
-
-# Passive Transport
-1. Simple Diffusion
-	* Molecules move straight through the membrane
-	* Works for small non-polars
-2. Facilitated Diffusion
-	* Still moves down gradient (high to low)
-	* Requires transport or channel proteins
-	* Used for polar molecules or ions
-3. Osmosis
-	* Diffusion of water across the selectively permeable membrane
-	* Moves from low to high (refers to solute concentrations)
-	* Aquaporins speed up water movement
-
-# Active Transport
-Requires direct input of energy (usually ATP).
-
-* Uses membrane proteins, often called pumps
-* Important for processes like nerve function and nutrient absorption
-* Uses ATP
-* Can create concentration gradients
-
-|Transport Type|Energy Required?|Direction|Examples|
-|---|---|---|---|
-|Simple Diffusion|No|High to Low|O₂, CO₂|
-|Facilitated Diffusion|No|High to Low|Glucose, amino acids|
-|Active Transport|Yes (ATP)|Low to High|Na⁺/K⁺ pump, calcium pumps|
-1. Selective permeability creates control
-2. Active transport allows for creating concentration gradients
-3. Passive transport allows for equilibrium
-4. Maintaining water and solute levels is vital to an organism
-
-# Transport of Large Molecules
-
-![[Pasted image 20260817123835.png]]
-
-Exocytosis (moving stuff out):
-* Internal vesicles fuse to plasma membrane
-* Requires energy
-* Is then secreted outside
-* Used for secreting things like hormones
-
-Endocytosis (bringing stuff in):
-* Plasma membrane folds inwards and create vesicle
-* Requires energy
-* Vesicle pinches off and enters
-Three main types of endocytosis:
-1. Phagocytosis
-	* Cell engulfs large molecules or microorganisms
-	* Creates food vacuoles
-	* Common for white blood cells that take in bacteria
-2. Pinocytosis
-	* Cell takes in liquid with dissolved substances
-	* Non specific: brings in whatever is liquid
-3. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
-	* Specific: only brings in molecules that bind to receptors
-	* Receptors clustered in coated pits that form vesicles
-	* Examples: cholesterol uptake, insulin uptake
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-[[Cell Structure and Function]]
-
-## Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Compartmentalization
-Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound nucleus and other organelles, while prokaryotic lacks these and has DNA free in the cytoplasm.
-
-Prokaryotic properties:
-* Nucleoid region - circular DNA not wrapped in membranes
-* Ribosomes - protein making structures that are smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes
-* Plasmids - small rings of extra DNA separate from the main chromosome
-* Inclusion bodies - storage for nutrients
-* Thylakoid membrane - in photosynthetic bacteria, membranes that capture light
-
-Eukaryotic properties:
-* Nucleus - hold and protect DNA
-* Mitochondria - site of aerobic cellular respiration
-* Chloroplast - site of photosynthesis
-* Endoplasmic reticulum - protein and lipid synthesis, as well as transportation
-* Golgi complex - folds modifies and ships cellular packages
-* Lysosomes - contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest material
-
-Internal membranes allow a cell to run reactions that would otherwise be interfered with each other.
-
-## Endosymbiotic Theory
-Endosymbiotic theory is essentially mitochondria and chloroplast evolved from a prokaryotic cell being taken inside a larger host cell. 
-The theory is an early ancestor of a eukaryotic cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell and kept it.
-
-Endo means inside and symbiotic means together.
-
-Two major events:
-1. Mitochondria came first, a host cell engulfed a aerobic bacterium which used oxygen to generate energy efficiently, giving the host cell the ability to produce ATP.
-2. Chloroplast came after, a cell already containing a mitochondria engulfed a photosynthetic bacterium, allowing it to make food from sunlight.
-
-Engulfed cells helped the big cell survive, so cells with these internal partners survived and the trait spread, allowing for complex eukaryotic cells.
-
-## Evidence for Endosymbiosis
-Strongest evidence is that chloroplast and mitochondria look like the bacteria they came from.
-* mitochondria and chloroplast carry their own DNA, and it's circular like the bacteria
-* both have double membranes, one from the original prokaryotic cells and another for when the plasma engulfed it.
-* same size as bacteria and split separately from rest of cell
-* ribosomes are more like bacteria ribosomes than the host cell ribosomes
-* some make their own proteins
-![[Pasted image 20260816073410.png]]
-
-## From Free-Living Bacteria to Dependent Organelles
-Essentially, they're kinda like if a guy who lived in the woods and hunted for everything moved to the city and started buying stuff. Now he only has to hunt but doesn't have to stoke the fire or repair the house. The bacteria no longer has to live on its own but became specialized into getting food for the cell.
-
-It's a 2 way lock, the organelles can't survive without the eukaryotic cell, the eukaryotic cell can't survive without them.
-
-## Key Concepts and Vocabulary
-
- **Endosymbiosis**: a relationship where one organism lives inside another; the process by which mitochondria and chloroplasts originated.
- **Endosymbiotic theory**: the explanation that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells engulfed by a host cell.
- **Prokaryotic cell**: a cell that lacks membrane-bound organelles and keeps its DNA in a nucleoid region.
- **Eukaryotic cell**: a cell with internal membranes that partition it into specialized, membrane-bound compartments.
- **Compartmentalization**: dividing the cell into separate regions so reactions can occur without interfering with each other.
- **Nucleoid**: the region in a prokaryote where the circular DNA is located, not enclosed by a membrane.
- **Mitochondria**: double-membraned organelles that are the site of aerobic cellular respiration; descended from aerobic bacteria.
- **Chloroplasts**: double-membraned organelles in plants and algae that carry out photosynthesis; descended from photosynthetic bacteria.
- **Double membrane**: the two-layered membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts; the inner layer from the engulfed prokaryote, the outer from the host.
- **Circular DNA**: the ring-shaped genetic material found in bacteria and in mitochondria and chloroplasts, evidence of their bacterial ancestry.
- **Binary fission**: the splitting-in-two reproduction used by bacteria and by mitochondria and chloroplasts.
- **Thylakoid**: an internal membrane in photosynthetic bacteria (and chloroplasts) where light is captured.
- **Plasmid**: a small ring of extra DNA in prokaryotes, separate from the main chromosome.
- **Host cell**: the larger ancestral cell that engulfed the prokaryotes that became organelles.
-
-## Common Mistakes
-
- **Saying prokaryotes have no organization.** They lack membrane-bound organelles, but they do have specialized regions like the nucleoid, ribosomes, plasmids, and thylakoids. Don't confuse "no membrane-bound organelles" with "no internal structure."
- **Forgetting the order of events.** Mitochondria evolved first, then chloroplasts. That's why animals have mitochondria but no chloroplasts, while plants and algae have both.
- **Listing evidence without connecting it.** Naming "double membrane" or "own DNA" isn't enough on an FRQ. Tie each clue to the conclusion: circular DNA resembling bacterial DNA supports a free-living prokaryotic origin.
- **Mixing up which membrane came from where.** On a mitochondrion or chloroplast, the inner membrane comes from the engulfed prokaryote and the outer membrane comes from the host cell.
- **Leaning on the "cell city" analogy on the exam.** Power plants and shipping centers help you learn, but graders want real biology terms. Write "mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration," not "mitochondria are the power plant."
- **Calling endosymbiosis a one-time digestion event.** The engulfed cell wasn't digested. It survived, kept functioning, and over time transferred genes to the host nucleus, creating a permanent dependent partnership.
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-[[Cell Structure and Function]]
-
-# Summary
-* Phospholipids are amphipathic (both hydrophobic and hydrophilic): hydrophilic phosphate heads point towards water hydrophobic fatty acid tails point away.
-* Embedded proteins have hydrophilic regions facing the cytosol or extracellular fluid. Also have hydrophobic regions that contact the fatty acid tails in membrane interior.
-* Cholesterol (in vertebrate animals) acts as a fluidity buffer, preventing the membrane from getting too loose or stiff in head or cold.
-* Fluid mosaic model describes a membrane with phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, glyco(proteins/lipids) can move around the surface.
-* Fatty acid affects fluidity, unsaturated with kinks increases it, while saturated makes the phospholipids pack tightly together.
-* Glycoprotein and glycolipid sit on the outside and help with cell recognition.
-
-Plasma membrane defines the edge of every cell, it's not a wall and is flexible.
-# Components of the Plasma Membrane
-
-Phospholipids are main structural framework as a bilayer. Hydrophobic fatty acid tails point away from aqueous environment, hydrophilic phosphate heads point towards.
-
-Steroids (cholesterol in vertebrates) restrain phospholipid movement at high temps and prevents them from packing tightly at low temps.
-
-Gylco(proteins/lipids) are carbohydrates, attached to proteins and lipids, helps cells recognize each other.
-
-# Fluid Mosaic Model
-Describes the plasma membrane as structural framework of phospholipids embedded with proteins, steroids(cholesterol) and glyco(steroids/lipids). Describes them as being able to move freely.
-
-Fluid nature, phospholipids can move laterally like they're in a sea of lipids. Allows components to shift and form regions for different jobs.
-
-Variety of molecules creates a mosaic appearance, thus the name.
-
-# Factors Affecting Membrane Fluidity
-* Temp
-* Fatty acid composition (look below)
-* Cholesterol content (look above)
-# How Structure Connects to Function
-Hydrophobic interior blocks polar molecules while allowing small non-polar molecules pass more freely. Basis for selective permeability.
-
-Embedded proteins allow for specific interactions. Receptor proteins bind to signaling molecules, transport proteins move them.
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-[[Cell Structure and Function]]
-
-Tonicity compares solute concentrations in and out of a cell, telling you which direction the water will move. Cells and organisms use osmoregulation to keep water and solutes balanced.
-
-Tonicity is essentially comparing solute concentration inside and outside a cell.
-
-Osmoregulation is how cells handle water balance and solute concentration.
-
-# Summary:
-* Tonicity compares solute concentration inside and outside a cell.
-* Osmosis moves water from high water potential to low water potential
-* Water potential: $\psi=\psi_s+\psi_p$
-* Adding solute lowers water potential, pressure raises it.
-* Solute potential: $\psi=-iCRT$
-* As solute concentration rises, $\psi$ becomes more negative.
-
-# Tonicity
-Tonicity compares solute concentration inside and outside a cell.
-* Hypertonic is when a cells solute concentration is higher than its environment, causing the water inside to leave by osmosis and making animal cells crenate and plant cells undergo plasmolysis.
-* Hypotonic is when a cells solute concentration is lower than the environment so the surrounding water flows in, making animal cells lyse and plant cells turgid.
-* Isotonic is when solute concentrations match, so the cell keeps its shape.
-
-# Osmosis
-Passive movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves from hypotonic (low solute concentrations) to hypertonic (higher) (equivalent to moving from high water potential to low). Water is polar, so it moves through aquaporins, which provide an hydrophilic path. Aquaporins are important in plant cells, red blood cells, etc.
-
-# Water Potential
-$$\psi=\psi_s+\psi_p$$
-$\psi$ is total water potential, $\psi_s$ is solute potential, $\psi_p$ is pressure potential. Adding solute lowers solute potential, pressure potential is physics pressure on solution. 
-
-In an open container, pressure potential is zero, in a plant cell turgor pressure increases pressure potential.
-
-# Solute Potential
-$$\psi=-iCRT$$
-$i$ is ionization constant (number of molecules a particle makes in a solution)
-$C$ is molar concentration
-$R$ is pressure constant ($R=0.0831 L*bars/mol*K$)
-$T$ is temperature in Kelvin
-
-Solute potential is always zero or negative.
-Solute concentration has a negative relation with solute potential, drawing more water to the region.
-
-# Osmoregulation and Homeostasis
-Organisms must regulate water potential and solute composition to maintain homeostasis.
-* Contractile vacuoles in freshwater protists: freshwater environments are hypotonic to protist's cytoplasm, so they constantly pump this water out.
-* Central vacuole in plant cell: Large central vacuole stores water and dissolved substances, making the plasma membrane push against cell wall and making the cell rigid and strong.
-# How Water and Solutes Cross Membranes
-Channel Proteins:
-Provides a hydrophilic passage through the membrane for certain ions and molecules. Aquaporins are a channel protein for water. Movement of these ions can charge the membrane.
-
-Carrier Proteins:
-Change shape to shuttle molecules across the membrane. Transport rate is slower than channel proteins. They let large polar molecules move down concentration gradient.
-
-Active Transport (Related Context):
-Transport above is passive because it moves along the gradient. Active transport requires ATP and moves against gradient. 
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-[[Biology]]
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-[[Macromolecules]]
-# General Overview
-first thing to think of when hearing carbohydrates is sweet
-generally sweet and water soluable
-
-primarly composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen, general formula of $C_xH_{2x}O_x$, 1:2:1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen
-
-monomers are monosaccharides/simple sugars, polymers are polysaccharides/complex sugars.
-# Structure
-most commonly found in ring like structures and used for quick energy or cell walls in plant cells
-
-![[Pasted image 20260811133313.png]]
-most monosaccharides look the same with small deviations
-
-polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides binded together with glycosidic bonds, which is a covalent bond joining sugar with another group
-polysaccharides are differentiated by the orientation of the monomers
-# Function
-![[Pasted image 20260811133445.png]]
-in starch all the monomers are oriented in the same way, while in celluose they alternate
-
-carbohydrates serve 2 purposes, quick energy and cell structure. the highlighted oh groups in the image are to show different purposes, in celluose they alternate because then they can stack on each other and create rigid cell walls. having the oh on the same side makes them not pack so tightly, making them easier to seperate into monomers
-
-# Summary
-
-|Structure|Monomer / Polymer Name|Function|
-|---|---|---|
-|Ring-like. Contain C, H, O|Monosaccharide / Polysaccharide|1) Energy storage  <br>2) Make up cell walls|
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-[[Chemistry of Life]]
-
-6 main elements in biology, chnops
-**C**arbon
-**H**ydrogen
-**N**itrogen
-**O**xygen
-**P**hosphorous
-**S**ulfur
-
-cho are the most common, theyre found in most biology molecules
-
-carbon is special because:
-1. can form long chains
-2. likes to form double bonds
-3. ring like structures
-![[Pasted image 20260810213947.png]]
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-[[Macromolecules]]
-
-# General Overview
-fats and water insoluable, mostly composed of carbon and hydrogen with tidbits of oxygen
-
-# Structure
-mostly made up of carbon and hydrogen (create hydrocarbon chains), which are non polars, causing them to be hydrophobic.
-
-| Oxygens Present           | Polar    | Hydrophilic |
-| ------------------------- | -------- | ----------- |
-| No/Little Oxygens Present | Nonpolar | Hydrophobic |
-tons of types of lipids, so no single monomer/polymer name. important monomers in ap biology are glycerol and fatty acids, and important polymers are triglycerides and phospholipids.
-fatty acid monomer, long hydrocarbon chain which defines it a lipid:
-![[Pasted image 20260813173740.png]]
-
-unlike other macromolecules, lipid polymers arent repeated monomers. they use ester bonds/linkages to bind monomers to hold them together.
-
-![[Pasted image 20260813174224.png]]
-![[Pasted image 20260813174228.png]]
-"Unlike starch, the phospholipid bilayer (aka the cell membrane) is not made up of linked monomers. Instead, it is made of multiple monomers that are packed tightly against each other."
-
-"_**Key Takeaway:** Lipids are nonpolar, hydrophobic macromolecules. Lipid polymers are special in that they are not a repeating series of monomers, unlike the polymers from the other macromolecule groups._"
-# Function
-ap bio important lipids:
-* Steroids - hormones
-* Fats - insulation and energy storage
-* Phospholipids - forms cell membranes
-* Cholesterol - structural stability to animal cell membranes
-hormones are molecules that travel through the body and incite certain chemical reactions in certain cells. 
-![[Pasted image 20260813174454.png]]
-lipid because lots of carbons and hydrogens
-
-second function of lipids is to form cell membranes, primarily done by phospholipid which have a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head. polar/nonpolar natures makes them great for cell membranes.
-![[Pasted image 20260813174636.png]]
-"As you can see, the head of the phospholipid contains lots of different atoms that contribute to it being hydrophilic. However, the tail only consists of a hydrocarbon chain. This is what gives phospholipids their dual nature. In a cell membrane, the heads of the phospholipids face the outside and inside of the cell, which are water-filled environments, whereas the tails face each other, creating a bilayer. (Q3) Below is a visual representation:"
-![[Pasted image 20260813174945.png]]
-
-cholesterol provides stability to cell membranes
-unique property is that phospholipids can be saturated or unsaturated, term refers to kinks and bends in hydrophobic tails. 
-![[Pasted image 20260813175101.png]]
-when unsaturated fatty acids are present, they are liquid, when saturated fats are there, theyre solid because saturated fatty acids pack together well
-
-we dont freeze in cold environments because our cell membranes contain unsaturated fats in bilayers, preventing them from freezing, while saturated fats contain only single bonds between carbon atoms.
-
-unsaturated fatty acids contain atleast one double bond between carbon, which causes carbon chain to kink, somehow preventing lipids from freezing together. more kinks = more resistant to freezing = more liquid at room temp
-
-fats are lipids, and help with energy storage and insulation, and we need em despite the people saying fats are ugly and suck
-
-"_**Key Takeaway:** Hormones are lipids that are used in long-distance cell-to-cell communication. Phospholipids form bilayers to make up cell membranes; their hydrophilic heads face the outside and inside of the cell, and their tails face inwards. Phospholipids can be saturated or unsaturated. Unsaturated phospholipids are less prone to freezing, which is why they are present in cell membranes._"
-# Summary
-
-Structure: Varies. Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
-
-Monomer / Polymer Name: N/A
-
-Function: Long-term energy storage, hormones used in long-distance cellular signaling, phospholipids make up the bilayer in the cell membrane
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-[[Chemistry of Life]]
-macromolecules are essentially very large molecules
-
-macromolecules consist of smaller subunits, called monomers, when you have a bunch of monomers together it's called a polymer
-
-these 4 types of macromolecules are pretty important in ap bio:
-
-| Type         | Monomer Name                                              | Polymer Name                                                     | Primary Cellular Function                                             | CHNOPS Generally Present |
-| ------------ | --------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------ |
-| Carbohydrate | Monosaccharide                                            | Polysaccharide                                                   | Quick energy                                                          | C, H, O                  |
-| Lipid        | No single name, examples include Fatty Acids and Glycerol | No single name, examples include triglycerides and phospholipids | Cell membrane bilayer, cell signaling, long-term energy storage (fat) | C, H, O                  |
-| Protein      | Amino acid                                                | Polypeptide                                                      | Various functions                                                     | C, H, O, N, S            |
-| Nucleic Acid | Nucleotide                                                | DNA / RNA                                                        | Store and transmit genetic information                                | C, H, O, N, P            |
-|              |                                                           |                                                                  |                                                                       |                          |
-macromolecules are **allegedly** hard to understand, apparently theyre kind of like a train and it's carriages
-
-![[Pasted image 20260810215125.png]]
-
-monomers break from each other using **hydrolysis**, where a water atom forces its way in a breaks off into a hydrogen atom and a hydroxide. It's derived from greek, with hydro meaning water and lysis to break
-
-![[Pasted image 20260810215131.png]]
-
-monomers connect to each other using **dehydration synthesis**, where the hydrogen and hydroxide at the ends of monomers bind to form a water molecule which is removed after, reforming the bond.
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-[[Macromolecules]]
-
-# General Overview
-essentially stores information, 2 types, dna (deoxyribonucleic acid) and rna (ribonucleic acid)
-
-# Structure
-dna and rna polymers consist of nucleotide chains called strands.
-
-2 distinct ends, one with 5' and one with 3', called five prime end and three prime end respectively. the five prime end has a phosphate and a three prime end with a hydroxyl group. when nucleic acids are synthesized, nucleotides are covalently bonded to the 3' end.
-
-dna is composed of 2 antiparralel strands, one runs 3' to 5', the other opposite. each strand is repeating nucleotide monomers. rna is just one strand.
-
-![[Pasted image 20260813171126.png]]
-
-each nucleotide has a backbone of sugar phosphate and a nitrogenous base. dnas have deoxyribose sugars while rnas have ribose sugars. they are both pentose, which means 5 carbons, and deoxyribose has one less oxygen at the second carbon.
-
-nucleotides have one of five nitrogenous bases, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. thymine is only in dna, uracil is only in rna.
-![[Pasted image 20260813171538.png]]
-the image shows a dna, with there being a deoxyribose backbone and nucleotides which are connected via hydrogen bonds, making them easy to separate when needed.
-
-adenine pairs with thymine (apple in the tree), guanine pairs with cytosine (car in the garage), in rna adenine pairs with uracil (apple in a uracil?)
-
-# Summary
-
-|Nucleic Acid|# of strands|Sugar|Nitrogenous Bases|
-|---|---|---|---|
-|DNA|2|deoxyribose|Cytosine  <br>Guanine  <br>Adenine  <br>Thymine|
-|RNA|1|ribose|Cytosine  <br>Guanine  <br>Adenine  <br>Uracil|
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-[[Macromolecules]]
-# General Overview
-first thing to think of when hearing proteins is "everything"
-
-1. carry out most cellular functions
-2. unlike the other macromolecules, proteins use all of chnops
-
-# Structure of Amino Acids:
-monomers are called amino acids, polymers are polypeptides
-![[Pasted image 20260812110332.png]]
-structure of proteins is pretty similar, the have an alpha carbon, a hydrogen, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a r group.
-the r group differs and is what determines a proteins function, r groups can be hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or ionic
-
-# Structure of Polypeptides:
-proteins have 4 structural levels, primary secondary tertiary and quaternary, describes order of which proteins formed
-
-![[Pasted image 20260812112259.png]]
-amino end has a presence of ammonia, carboxyl end has a carboxyl group
-
-the primary structure is a long chain of amino acids that determine the overall shape of the protein. each amino acid in a protein is connected by a covalent bond, called peptide bonds
-
-long chains of amino acids first form in one of two shapes through hydrogen bonding in the peptide backbone, a spiral or a folded sheet, called alpha helices and beta pleated sheets, and represent the proteins secondary structure. 
-
-" Interactions (such as **hydrogen bonds**, **disulfide bridges**, **ionic bonds**, and **hydrophobic interactions**) between the polypeptide’s R-groups cause the helices and sheets to fold into a new shape, which is called the tertiary structure."
-
-for some proteins, tertiary is their final structure, meaning that once it's achieved the protein is fully functional, some more complex proteins require multiple tertiary structures to combine, called a quaternary structure.
-![[Pasted image 20260812114439.png]]
-first step to making a protein is creating appropriate amino acid sequence.
-amino acids fold into alpha helices or beta pleated sheets which come together to form a tertiary structure.
-some proteins require multiple tertiaries/polypeptides to come together to form a quaternary structure.
-
-"_**Key Takeaway:** Proteins are responsible for most cellular functions. All proteins have a central alpha carbon with a hydrogen, an amino group, and a carboxyl group. Where they differ is the R-group. Proteins cycle through three to four structures before becoming fully functional._"
-
-although proteins have multiple structures, they're dependent on the previous one.
-the protein structures are derived from the folding of the primary structure. proteins can fold back into the primary structure, called denaturation
-![[Pasted image 20260812120344.png]]
-denaturation can be caused by:
-1. heat
-2. ph changes
-3. mechanical agitation (stirring, shaking)
-
-renaturation can also occur. eg pepsin enzyme. pepsin is one of the enzymes of the stomach, if ph is too high, it denatures, if it's brought back down, it renatures.
-# Function
-
-Proteins have a bunch of different functions
-1. Enzymes: speed up chemical reactions
-2. Defensive proteins: antibodies help the immune system recognize viruses
-3. Transport proteins: facilitate transport of large/polar molecules across cell membranes
-4. Storage proteins: store amino acids, such as in milk
-5. Receptor proteins: used in cell signaling
-6. Contractile/ Motor proteins: helps muscles contract and cells with tails move
-7. Structural proteins: makes up hair, nails, and scars
-
-# Summary
-|Structure|Monomer / Polymer Name|Function|
-|---|---|---|
-|All proteins have a central alpha carbon with a hydrogen, an amino group, and a carboxyl group. However, they have different R-groups, which lead to structural and functional differences.|Monomer: Amino Acid  <br>Polymer: Polypeptide|Most cellular and body functions|
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-[[Biology]]
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-[[Chemistry of Life]]
-
-# SUMMARY
-## Key Takeaways
-
- Water is polar because the O-H bonds are polar covalent, giving oxygen a partial negative charge and each hydrogen a partial positive charge.
- Hydrogen bonds form between the partial positive hydrogen of one water molecule and the partial negative oxygen of a neighboring molecule.
- Hydrogen bonding produces cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension between water molecules.
- Water's high specific heat capacity helps organisms maintain a stable, homeostatic body temperature.
- Water's high heat of vaporization allows [evaporative cooling](https://fiveable.me/ap-bio/key-terms/evaporative-cooling), which also helps maintain body temperature.
- Hydrophilic substances attract water; [hydrophobic](https://fiveable.me/ap-bio/key-terms/hydrophobic) substances do not, because polarity determines what mixes with water.
-
-| Term                   | Definition                                                                                                                                                           |
-| ---------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| adhesion               | The attractive force between water molecules and other polar substances, allowing water to stick to different surfaces.                                              |
-| cohesion               | The attractive force between water molecules that causes them to stick together, resulting from hydrogen bonding.                                                    |
-| evaporative cooling    | The process by which the evaporation of water removes heat from an organism or environment.                                                                          |
-| heat of vaporization   | The energy required to convert a liquid to a gas, enabling water to remove heat from organisms through evaporative cooling.                                          |
-| homeostasis            | The maintenance of stable internal environmental conditions in an organism despite external and internal changes.                                                    |
-| hydrogen bond          | Weak attractive forces between a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom, occurring between or within biological molecules. |
-| polar covalent bonds   | Chemical bonds between atoms where electrons are unequally shared, resulting in partial positive and negative charges.                                               |
-| polarity               | The unequal distribution of electrical charge in a molecule, resulting in one end being partially positive and the other partially negative.                         |
-| specific heat capacity | The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree, allowing water to resist rapid temperature changes.                             |
-| surface tension        | The property of water that allows its surface to resist breaking, resulting from hydrogen bonding between adjacent water molecules.                                  |
-
-# Overview
-covalents are 0-0.5 difference in electronegativities
-polar covalents are 0.5 - 2
-Ionics are 2+
-			
-hydrogen bonds are when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is highly attracted to an atom with high electronegativity in another molecule.
-hydrogen bonds are rather weak, water uses hydrogen bonds
-
-**properties of water:**
-1. cohesion
-2. adhesion
-3. high heat capacity
-4. high surface tension
-
-adhesion is a result of the polarity, as the imbalance of charge allows the molecules to bind to other things easily
-
-high heat capacity results from heat energy being used to break and disrupt the hydrogen bonds, inadvertently losing some of the heat
-
-surface tension results from hydrogen bonds
-
-**ph**
-ph measures how acidic or basic a solution is
-![[Pasted image 20260810212842.png]]"**==Acids==** donate protons (Hydrogens) to **==bases==**, which are hydrogen/proton acceptors. Let’s use the self ionization of water pictured above as an example. One of the water molecules is acting as an acid and donating an H+ ion (proton) to the other water molecule, which is the base. This forms a hydronium ion (H3O+) and a hydroxide ion (OH−)."
-
-solutions with more hydroniums than hydroxides are acidic, and the other way
-![[Pasted image 20260810213049.png]]
-$pH=-\log[H^+]$
-where $H^+$ is the hydronium concentration in the solution
-
-pH has an opposite, pOH
-by definition the pH + pOH of a solution will always equal 14
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
-Species is a group in organism that interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring. Gaps though, bacteria don't sexually reproduce, and there are separate species that are able to mate and create fertile children. 
-
-Three types of species.
-* Morphological Species:
-	* Studies shape, size, physics, structural features.
-	* Simple, quick.
-	* Most populations have variation.
-* Biological Species:
-	* Ability to reproduce in nature and produce fertile offspring.
-	* Most commonly accepted definition, objective.
-	* Can't test on asexually reproducing, extinct, and/or physically separated organisms.
-* Phylogenetic:
-	* Studies evolutionary history and relationships among organisms.
-	* Can be applied to extinct species.
-	* Not all evolutionary histories are known.
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
-Characteristics:
-* Mainly unicellular
-* Under Eukarya domain.
-* Eukaryotic cells.
-* Reproduces sexually and/or asexually.
-* Diverse, not closely related.
-
-Classification:
-* Animal-like (protozoans):
-	* Heterotrophs.
-	* Can move.
-* Plant-like:
-	* Autotrophs, can photosynthesize.
-	* Photoautotrophs.
-	* Some are capable of consuming other organisms when light is unavailable.
-	* Can be unicellular or multicellular.
-* Fungus-like:
-	* Absorbs nutrients from other organisms.
-	* Heterotroph/decomposers, outer digestion.
-	* Cell wall is not chitin.
-	* Examples are slime moulds and water moulds.
-
-
-| Phylum        | Characteristics                                                                                        | Example                             |
-| ------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ----------------------------------- |
-| Cercozoan     | Pseudopods, temporary cytoplasmic extension for movement/feeding.                                      | *Amoeba proteus*                    |
-| Cilliophora   | Cilia, short hair like extensions for sweeping food or movement.                                       | *Paramecium caudatum*               |
-| Zoomastigma   | Flagella, long tail like whip.                                                                         | *Trichonympha*                      |
-| Sporozoa      | Vector, uses living organism to transmit infection from one organism to another. Parasitic to animals. | *Plasmodium vivax* (causes malaria) |
-| Myxomycpta    | Many nuculei, engulfs like amoeba.                                                                     | Plasmodia                           |
-| Acrasiomycota | Individual amoeboid cells, one nuculeus.                                                               | Cellular slime mold                 |
-| Oomycota      | Filamentous, resemble fungi, release enzymes to absorb nutrients.                                      | *Water mold*                        |
-Paramecium:
-* Cilia.
-* Asexual (binary fission/sexual.
-* Gullet.
-* Outer protein covering.
-* Lives in water.
-![[Pasted image 20260924105000.png|371]]
-Amoeba:
-* Pseudopods.
-* Extension of cytoskeleton.
-![[Pasted image 20260924105030.png]]
-Euglenoids/Euglena:
-* Plant-like protista.
-* Flagella.
-* Unicellular.
-* Capable of ingesting nutrients.
-![[Pasted image 20260924105525.png]]
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-[[ROOT]]
-study of life and living organisms
+[[root]]
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[[biology]]
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-[[Organic Chemistry]]
-
-Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon. It was originally classified as compounds originating from living beings, but a scientist made an organic compound inorganically using ammonium cyanate.
-
-Carbon usually forms 4 covalent bonds. If a compound contains only single bonds, then it's saturated, unsaturated otherwise.
-
-Carbons unique bonding allows it to form many shapes, including rings and chains.
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[[chemistry]]
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
johnruina	e881d4e3c1	dont know	2026-07-18 07:46:28 -04:00
johnruina	77269b98f6	stuff	2026-07-17 21:58:43 -04:00
johnruina	014e2988e0	stuff	2026-07-17 20:42:07 -04:00