95 lines
1.7 MiB
Plaintext
95 lines
1.7 MiB
Plaintext
[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
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# Classification
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* Living things:
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* Archaea:
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* Archaea
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* Bacteria:
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* Bacteria
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* Eukarya:
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* When the living thing is made up of eukaryotic cells.
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* Protista
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* Fungi
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Plantae
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Animalia
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* On a quiz, describe shapes and such by size and DNA, eg Coccus prokaryotic cells are 1-10 micrometers and have circular DNA.
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## Morphology
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| Shape | Shape | Name |
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| ----- | ------------- | --------- |
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| O | Spheres | Coccus |
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| -- | Rod-shaped | Bacillus |
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| ~~~ | Spiral shapes | Spirillum |
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## Aggregation
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| Shape | Aggregation | Name | Example |
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| ---------- | ----------- | -------- | ------------------------------ |
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| OO | Two's | Diplo | Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Diplocci |
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| oooooooooo | Chain/Line | Strepto | Streptococcus Pneumoneae |
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| 888 | Clumps | Staphylo | Staphylococcus Aureus |
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## Cell Wall Structure
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| Domain | Cell Wall Material |
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| -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| Archaea | Doesn't have a peptidoglycan cell wall, still has a cell wall |
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| Bacteria | Has a peptidoglycan cell wall |
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## Staining (Not for Archaea - Only Bacteria)
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* 1884, Hans Gram used a stain (now called Gram stain) that allowed bacteria distances to be seen.
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* Gram positive: Has a thick peptidoglycan cell wall and stained purple (eg Streptococcus pneumoniae).
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* Gram negative: has a thin peptidoglycan cell wall + extra membrane and stained pink (eg Neisseria meningitis)
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| Dye used | Gram stain color | Gram stain result | Cell wall protein layer thickness |
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| -------------- | ---------------- | ----------------- | -------------------------------------------------- |
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| Crystal violet | Purple | Gram Positive | Thick peptidoglycan |
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| Safranin | Pink | Gram Negative | Thin peptidoglycan cell wall + extra cell membrane |
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## Habitat
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* Aerobic environments (presence of oxygen) - Both archaea and bacteria.
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* Anaerobic environment (no oxygen) - Both archaea and bacteria.
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* Obligate aerobes - Exclusively survives in oxygen rich environments.
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* Facultative aerobes - Can survive in both.
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* Obligate anaerobes - Exclusively survives in anaerobic environments.
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* Mesophiles - Organisms that live in moderate conditions.
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* Many archaea are extremophiles:
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* Thermophile - Heat loving.
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* Acidophile - Acid loving (pH).
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* Halophile - Salt loving.
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* Cell separates into 2 identical cells.
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## Binary Fission
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Prokaryote asexual reproduction.
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Occurs when conditions are favorable.
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Steps:
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1. Replicate DNA.
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2. Cell grows.
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3. Cell elongates.
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4. Septum forms.
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## Conjugation
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Allows prokaryotes to transfer genetic information (plasmids).
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Steps:
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1. Cell A makes a copy of its plasmid.
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2. Extends conjugation pili to cell B and passes plasmid.
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3. Cell B now has cell A genetic information.
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"If you don't finish off all the ear infection bacteria in a short time with antibiotics and quit midway, there's a chance they receive anti-antibiotic plasmids and become a lot harder to kill."
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Important to finish antibiotics because of conjugation and mutation.
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# Endospores
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Structures formed by some bacteria in extremely unfavorable conditions. Essentially goes dormant (transforms into a dry seed like structure) to survive without food or high temperature.
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# Prokaryotic Stuff
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| Feature | Function | How often |
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| ----------------- | -------------------------------------- | --------- |
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| Plasmid | Extra DNA | Sometimes |
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| Flagella | Movement | Sometimes |
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| Capsule | Extra protective layer | Sometimes |
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| Cell wall | Supports hape/prevents from bursting | Always |
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| Ribosome | Makes proteins | |
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| Fimbriae | Little hairs that allow them to attach | |
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| Cell membrane | Controls what enters/leaves | Always |
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| Conjugation pilus | Conjugation | |
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