31 lines
1.4 KiB
Markdown
31 lines
1.4 KiB
Markdown
[[chemistry of life]]
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covalents are 0-0.5 difference in electronegativities
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polar covalents are 0.5 - 2
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Ionics are 2+
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hydrogen bonds are when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is highly attracted to an atom with high electronegativity in another molecule.
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hydrogen bonds are rather weak, water uses hydrogen bonds
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**properties of water:**
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1. cohesion
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2. adhesion
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3. high heat capacity
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4. high surface tension
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adhesion is a result of the polarity, as the imbalance of charge allows the molecules to bind to other things easily
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high heat capacity results from heat energy being used to break and disrupt the hydrogen bonds, inadvertently losing some of the heat
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surface tension results from hydrogen bonds
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**ph**
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ph measures how acidic or basic a solution is
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![[Pasted image 20260810212842.png]]"**==Acids==** donate protons (Hydrogens) to **==bases==**, which are hydrogen/proton acceptors. Let’s use the self ionization of water pictured above as an example. One of the water molecules is acting as an acid and donating an H+ ion (proton) to the other water molecule, which is the base. This forms a hydronium ion (H3O+) and a hydroxide ion (OH−)."
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solutions with more hydroniums than hydroxides are acidic, and the other way
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![[Pasted image 20260810213049.png]]
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$pH=-\log[H^+]$
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where $H^+$ is the hydronium concentration in the solution
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pH has an opposite, pOH
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by definition the pH + pOH of a solution will always equal 14 |