32 lines
2.0 KiB
Markdown
32 lines
2.0 KiB
Markdown
[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
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Three alleles determine blood type. A and B are co-dominant while O is recessive.
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Blood types are characterized by protein markers on membranes of red blood cells. These protein markers are called antigens or glycoproteins.
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$I^a$ represents A blood.
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$I^B$ represents B blood.
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$i$ represents O blood.
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| Blood phenotypes | Genotype(s) | Protein markers | Antibodies produced by immune system |
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| ---------------- | ------------------ | --------------- | ------------------------------------ |
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| A | $I^AI^A$<br>$I^Ai$ | | B antibodies. |
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| B | $I^BI^B$<br>$I^Bi$ | | A antibodies. |
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| AB | $I^AI^B$ | | Neither A or B antibodies. |
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| O | $ii$ | | Both A and B antibodies. |
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Blood carries antibodies against the protein markers that are not present on the red blood cells. Antibodies are responsible for clumping or agglutination of blood cells when incompatible blood groups are mixed. Agglutination can clog vessels, causing sever damage. Agglutination is good for an immune response.
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Rhesus factor (Rh) determines if blood is plus or minus. It's another glycoprotein found on the red blood cell.
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Two alleles determine your Rh blood type.
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Dominant D represents the allele for $RH^+$.
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Recessive d represents the allele for $RH^-$.
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| Blood phenotypes | Genotype(s) | Protein markers | Antibodies produced by immune system |
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| ---------------- | ----------- | --------------- | ------------------------------------ |
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| $RH^+$ | DD,Dd | | No Rh antibodies. |
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| $RH^-$ | dd | | Rh antibodies. |
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Rh antibodies are only produced when you are exposed to Rh antigens.
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Rh negative mothers can produce Rh+ antibodies if baby is Rh+.
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Blood is tested using antiserums (antibodies in a bottle). The blood is checked for agglutination. |