obsidianvault/biology/G11 Pre-AP Biology/3 Classification of Prokaryotes.md

G11 Pre-AP Biology

Classification

• Living things:
  • Archaea:
    • Archaea
  • Bacteria:
    • Bacteria
  • Eukarya:
    • When the living thing is made up of eukaryotic cells.
    • Protista
    • Fungi Plantae Animalia
• On a quiz describe shapes and such by size and DNA, eg coccus prokaryotic cells are 1-10 micrometers and have circular DNA.

Morphology

Shape	Shape	Name
O	Spheres	Coccus
--	Rod-shaped	Bacillus
~~~	Spiral shapes	Spirillum

Aggregation

Shape	Aggregation	Name	Example
OO	Two's	Diplo	Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Diplocci
oooooooooo	Chain/Line	Strepto	Streptococcus Pneumoneae
888	Clumps	Staphylo	Staphylococcus Aureus

Cell Wall Structure

Domain	Cell Wall Material
Arcahaea	Doesn't have a peptidoglycan cell wall, still has a cell wall
Bacteria	Has a peptidoglycan cell wall

Staining

• 1884, Hans Gram used a stain (now called Gram stain) that allowed bacteria distances to be seen.
• Gram positive: Has a think peptidoglycan cell wall and stained purple (eg Streptococcus pneumoniae).
• Gram negative: has a thin peptidoglycan cell wall + extra membrane and stained pink (eg Neisseria meningitis)

Dye used	Gram stain color	Gram stain result	Cell wall protein layer thickness
Crystal violet	Purple	Diplo	Thick peptidoglycan
Safranin	Pink	Gram Negative	Thin peptidoglycan cell wall + extra cell membrane

Prokaryotic Stuff

Feature	Function	How often
Plasmid	Extra DNA	Sometimes
Flagella	Movement	Sometimes
Capsule	Extra protective layer	Sometimes
Cell wall	Supports hape/prevents from bursting	Always
Ribosome	Makes proteins
Fimbriae	Little hairs that allow them to attach
Cell membrane	Controls what enters/leaves	Always
Conjugation pilus	Conjugation

Conjugation

• Allows prokaryotes to transfer genetic information (plasmids).