63 lines
496 KiB
Markdown
63 lines
496 KiB
Markdown
[[G11 Pre-AP Biology]]
|
|
# Classification
|
|
* Living things:
|
|
* Archaea:
|
|
* Archaea
|
|
* Bacteria:
|
|
* Bacteria
|
|
* Eukarya:
|
|
* When the living thing is made up of eukaryotic cells.
|
|
* Protista
|
|
* Fungi
|
|
Plantae
|
|
Animalia
|
|
* On a quiz describe shapes and such by size and DNA, eg coccus prokaryotic cells are 1-10 micrometers and have circular DNA.
|
|
## Morphology
|
|
|
|
| Shape | Shape | Name |
|
|
| ----- | ------------- | --------- |
|
|
| O | Spheres | Coccus |
|
|
| -- | Rod-shaped | Bacillus |
|
|
| ~~~ | Spiral shapes | Spirillum |
|
|
|
|
## Aggregation
|
|
|
|
| Shape | Aggregation | Name | Example |
|
|
| ---------- | ----------- | -------- | ------------------------------ |
|
|
| OO | Two's | Diplo | Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Diplocci |
|
|
| oooooooooo | Chain/Line | Strepto | Streptococcus Pneumoneae |
|
|
| 888 | Clumps | Staphylo | Staphylococcus Aureus |
|
|
## Cell Wall Structure
|
|
|
|
| Domain | Cell Wall Material |
|
|
| -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
|
| Arcahaea | Doesn't have a peptidoglycan cell wall, still has a cell wall |
|
|
| Bacteria | Has a peptidoglycan cell wall |
|
|
| | |
|
|
## Staining
|
|
* 1884, Hans Gram used a stain (now called Gram stain) that allowed bacteria distances to be seen.
|
|
* Gram positive: Has a think peptidoglycan cell wall and stained purple (eg Streptococcus pneumoniae).
|
|
* Gram negative: has a thin peptidoglycan cell wall + extra membrane and stained pink (eg Neisseria meningitis)
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dye used | Gram stain color | Gram stain result | Cell wall protein layer thickness |
|
|
| -------------- | ---------------- | ----------------- | -------------------------------------------------- |
|
|
| Crystal violet | Purple | Diplo | Thick peptidoglycan |
|
|
| Safranin | Pink | Gram Negative | Thin peptidoglycan cell wall + extra cell membrane |
|
|
# Prokaryotic Stuff
|
|
|
|
| Feature | Function | How often |
|
|
| ----------------- | -------------------------------------- | --------- |
|
|
| Plasmid | Extra DNA | Sometimes |
|
|
| Flagella | Movement | Sometimes |
|
|
| Capsule | Extra protective layer | Sometimes |
|
|
| Cell wall | Supports hape/prevents from bursting | Always |
|
|
| Ribosome | Makes proteins | |
|
|
| Fimbriae | Little hairs that allow them to attach | |
|
|
| Cell membrane | Controls what enters/leaves | Always |
|
|
| Conjugation pilus | Conjugation | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Conjugation
|
|
* Allows prokaryotes to transfer genetic information (plasmids). |